References

Laws and conventions:

Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift über Anforderungen zum Schutz des Grund-wassers bei der Lagerung und Ablagerung von Abfällen dated January 31, 1990 (GMBl. (joint ministerial circular), p. 74).

Zweite allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Abfallgesetz (TA-Abfall), Teil 1: Technische Anleitung zur Lagerung, chemisch/physikalischen und biolo-gischen Behandlung und Verbrennung von besonders überwachungsbe-dürftigen Abfällen dated December 17, 1990 (GMBl.(joint ministerial circular) p. 866, ber. GMBl. 1991 p. 136, Neufassung GMBl. 1991 p. 138).

Gesetz zur Vermeidung und Entsorgung von Abfällen (Abfallgesetz - AbfG) dated August 27, 1986 (BGBl. (Federal Law Gazette) p. 1410), zuletzt geändert durch Gesetz vom 11. Mai 1990 (BGBl. I (Federal Law Gazette I) p. 870).

Gesetz über die Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (UVPG) dated February 12, 1990 (BGBl. (Federal Law Gazette) I p. 205) geändert durch Gesetz vom 11. Mai 1990 amended by Law of 11 May 1990 (BGBl. I p. 870).

Council Directive on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment of 27 June 1985 (85/337/EEC - O.J. No. L 175 of 5 July 1985, p. 40).

Council Directive on toxic and dangerous waste of 20 March 1978 (78/319/EEC - O.J. L 84 of 31 March 1978, p. 43).

Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal.

Verordnung zur Bestimmung von Abfällen nach § 2 Abs. 2 des Abfallgesetzes (Abfallbestimmungsverordnung - AbfBestV) dated April 3, 1990 (BGBl. I (Federal Law Gazette) I p. 614).

WHO: Hazardous Waste Management, WHO Interim Document No. 7.

Scientific papers:

Batsstone, R., Smith, J.E., Wilson, D.C. (Eds.): The Safe Disposal of Hazardous Wastes - The Special Needs and Problems of Developing Countries, World Bank Technical Paper Number 93, Vol. I, II, III, Washington D.C., 1989.

Franke, B., Giegrich, J.: Abwägung der Risiken durch Müllverbrennung und Mülldeponierung, in: VDI (Ed.): Handbuch zum VDI-Seminar "Über Abfallströme zu integrierten Abfallwirtschaftskonzepten" on February 18 and 19 1991 in Düsseldorf.

Hessisches Ministerium für Umwelt und Reaktorsicherheit (Ed.): Hessische Abfallwirtschaftskonzeption, Wiesbaden 1988.

Publisher not indicated: Suchliste für Sonderabfälle und Altlasten, in: Arbeitnehmer, H. 12/1989, p. 534 - 544.

Schramek, E.R.: Sonderabfall aus Betrieben und Altlasten -Vermeidungsstrate-gien, in: VDI (Ed.): Sondermüll: thermische Behandlung und Alterna-tiven, VDI-Berichte 664, Düsseldorf 1987.

Szelinksi, B.A.: Die Baseler UNEP-Konvention über die grenzüberschreitende Abfallentsorgung und ihre Auswirkungen auf Deutschland, in: Wasser + Boden, H. 4/1991, p. 199 - 202.

Tharun, G., Thanh, N.C., Bidwell, R. (Eds.): Environmental Management for Developing Countries, Vol. 2 (Waste and Water Pollution Control - Evaluation and Decision Making) and Vol. 3 (Environmental Assessment and Management), Asian Institute of Technology Continuing Education Center Series, Bangkok 1983.

Wilson, D.C., Balkau F.: Adapting hazardous waste management to the needs of developing countries - an overview and guide to action, in : Waste Management and Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, April 1990, p. 87 - 98.

Loose-leaf collections / Supplements:

Birn/Jung: Abfallbeseitigungsrecht für die betriebliche Praxis, Loseblattsammlung.

BMZ/GTZ: Katalog umweltrelevanter Standards '84, Eschborn.

Hösel/Kumpf/Linder: Technische Vorschriften für die Abfallbeseitigung, Lose-blattsammlung.

Kumpf/Maas/Straub: Müll- und Abfallbeseitigung (Müllhandbuch), Loseblatt-sammlung.

Wetzbacher: Neue Datenblätter für gefährliche Arbeitsstoffe nach der Gefahr-stoffverordnung.

Annexes

Annex 1 - Categories of wastes to be controlled under the basel convention

Waste streams

Y 1 Clinical wastes, from medical care in hospitals, medical centres and clinics
Y 2 Wastes from the production and preparation of pharmaceutical products
Y 3 Waste medicines, drugs and wastes from pharmaceutical products
Y 4 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of biocides and phyto-pharmaceuticals
Y 5 Waste from the manufacture, formulation and use of wood preserving chemicals
Y 6 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of organic solvents
Y 7 Wastes from heat treatment and tempering operations containing cyanides
Y 8 Waste mineral oil, unfit for its originally intended use
Y 9 Hydrocarbon/water mixtures, emulsions
Y 10 Waste substances and articles containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and/or polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) and/or polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs)
Y 11 Waste tarry residues arising from refining, distillation and pyrolytic processes
Y 12 Wastes from production, formulation and use of inks, dyes, pigments, paints, lacquers and varnish
Y 13 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of resins, latex, plastics, glues/adhesives
Y 14 Waste chemical substances arising from research and development or teaching activities and which are not identified and/or are new and whose effects on man and/or the environment are not known
Y 15 Wastes of an explosive nature not subject to other legislation
Y 16 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of photographic chemicals
Y 17 Wastes resulting from surface treatment and finishing of metals and plastics
Y 18 Residues arising from industrial waste disposal operations
Waste having as constituents
Y 19 Metal carbonyls
Y 20 Beryllium, beryllium compounds
Y 21 Hexavalent chromium compounds
Y 22 Copper compounds
Y 23 Zinc compounds
Y 24 Arsenic, arsenic compounds
Y 25 Selenium, selenium compounds
Y 26 Cadmium, cadmium compounds
Y 27 Antimony, antimony compounds
Y 28 Tellurium, tellurium compounds
Y 29 Mercury, mercury compounds
Y 30 Thallium, thallium compounds
Y 31 Lead, lead compounds
Y 32 Inorganic fluorine compounds excluding calcium fluoride
Y 33 Inorganic cyanides
Y 34 Acid solutions or acids in solid form
Y 35 Basic solutions or bases in solid form
Y 36 Asbestos (dust and fibres)
Y 37 Organic phosphorus compounds
Y 38 Organic cyanides
Y 39 Phenols: phenol compounds including chlorophenols
Y 40 Ethers
Y 41 Halogenated organic solvents
Y 42 Organic solvents excluding halogenated solvents
Y 43 All substances, polluted with polychlorinated dibenzo-furans
Y 44 All substances, polluted with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
Y 45 Organohalogen compounds other than those substances referred to in this Annex.

Annex 2 - List of hazardous characteristics in accordance with the basel convention

Hazardous characteristics
United Nations class

Code number

Characteristics

1

H1

Explosive substances or waste
An explosive substance or waste is a solid or liquid substance or waste (or a mixture of substances or wastes) which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature, pressure or speed as to cause damage to the surroundings.

3

H3

Flammable liquids
Flammable liquids are liquids or mixtures of liquids containing solids in solution or suspension (for example paints, lacquers, varnishes, etc., but not including substances or wastes otherwise classified on account of their hazardous characteristics) which give off a flammable vapour at a temperature of not more than 60.5°C, closed-cup test, or not more than 65.6°C, open-cup test.

4.1

H4.1

Flammable solids
Solids, or waste solids, other than those classed as explosives, which under conditions encountered in transport are readily combustible, or may cause or contribute to fire through friction.

4.2

H4.2

Substances or wastes liable to spontaneous combustion
Substances or wastes which are liable to spontaneous heating under normal conditions encountered in transport, or to heating up on contact with air, and being then liable to catch fire.

4.3

H4.3

Substances or wastes which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases
Substances or wastes which, by interaction with water, are liable to become spontaneously flammable or to give off flammable gases in dangerous quantities

5.1

H5.1

Oxidising substances or wastes which, while in themselves not necessarily combustible, may, generally by yielding oxygen cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other materials.

5.2

H5.2

Organic peroxides
Organic substances or wastes which contain the bivalent O-O structure and are thermally unstable substances which may undergo exothermic self-accelerating decomposition.

6.1

H6.1

Poisonous substances (with acute action)
Substances or wastes liable either to cause death or serious injury or to harm human health if swallowed or inhaled or by skin contact.

6.2

H6.2

Infectious substances
Substances or wastes containing viable micro-organisms or their toxins, which are known or suspected to cause disease in animals or humans.

8.

H8

Corrosives
Substances or wastes which, by chemical action, will cause severe damage when in contact with living tissue, or, in case of leakage, will materially damage, or even destroy, other goods or the means of transport; they may also cause other hazards.

9.

H10

Liberation of toxic gases in contact with air or water
Substances or wastes which, by interaction with air and water, are liable to give off toxic gases in dangerous quantities.

9.

H11

Toxic substances (with delayed or chronic action)
Substances or wastes which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve delayed or chronic effects, including carcinogenicity.

9.

H12

Ecotoxic substances
Substances or wastes which if released present or may present immediate or delayed adverse impacts to the environment by means of bioaccumulation and/or toxic effects upon biotic systems.

9.

H13

Substances, capable, by any means, after disposal, of yielding another material, e.g. leachate, which possesses any of the characteristics listed above.

Annex 3 - Disposal operations under the basel convention

A Operations which do not lead to the possibility of resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses

D1 Deposit into or onto land, (i.e. landfill etc.)
D2 Land treatment (e.g. biodegradation of liquid or sludgy discards in soils etc.)
D3 Deep injection (e.g. injection of pumpable discards into wells, salt domes or naturally occurring repositories etc.)
D4 Surface impoundment (e.g. placement of liquid or sludge discards into pits, ponds, lagoons etc.)
D5 Specially engineered landfills (e.g. placement into lined, discrete cells, which are capped and isolated from one other and the environment etc.)
D6 Release into a water body except seas/oceans
D7 Release into seas/oceans including sea-bed insertion
D8 Biological treatment not specified elsewhere in this Annex which results in final compounds or mixtures which are discarded by means of any of the operations in Section A
D9 Physico-chemical treatment not specified elsewhere in this Annex which results in final compounds or mixtures which are discarded by means of any of the operations described in Section A (e.g. evaporation, drying, calcination, neutralisation, precipitation etc.)
D10 Incineration on land
D11 Incineration at sea
D12 Permanent storage (e.g. emplacement of containers in a mine etc.)
D13 Blending or mixing prior to submission to any of the operations in Section A
D14 Repackaging prior to submission to any of the operations in Section A
D15 Storage pending any of the operations in Section A (temporary storage).

B. Operations which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses
R1 Use as a fuel (other than in direct incineration) or other means to generate energy
R2 Solvent reclamation/regeneration
R3 Recycling/reclamation of organic substances which are not used as solvents
R4 Recycling/reclamation of metals and metal compounds
R5 Recycling reclamation of inorganic materials
R6 Regeneration of acids or bases
R7 Recovery of components used for pollution abatement
R8 Recovery of components from catalysts
R9 Used oil re-refining or other reuses of previously used oil
R10 Land treatment resulting in benefit to agriculture or ecological improvement
R11 Use of residual materials obtained from any of the operations numbered R1-R10
R12 Exchange of wastes for submission to any of the operations numbered in R1-R11
R13 Accumulation of materials intended for any operation described in Section B.

Annex 4 - List of toxic or dangerous substances and materials

According to the Annex to the EC Directive on toxic and dangerous waste of 20 March 1978 (78/319/EEC - O.J. L 84 of 31 March 1978, p. 43)

1 Arsenic; arsenic compounds
2 Mercury, mercury compounds
3 Cadmium; cadmium compounds
4 Thallium; thallium compounds
5 Beryllium; beryllium compounds
6 Chrome 6 compounds
7 Lead; lead compounds
8 Antimony; antimony compounds
9 Phenols; phenol compounds
10 Cyanides, organic and inorganic
11 Isocyanates
12 Organic-halogen compounds, excluding inert polymeric materials and other substances referred to in this list or covered by other Directives concerning the disposal of toxic or dangerous waste
13 Chlorinated solvents
14 Organic solvents
15 Biocides and phyto-pharmaceutical substances
16 Tarry materials from refining and tar residues from distilling
17 Pharmaceutical compounds
18 Peroxides, chlorates, perchlorates and azides
19 Ethers
20 Chemical laboratory materials, not identifiable and/or new, whose
effects on the environment are not known
21 Asbestos (dust and fibres)
22 Selenium; selenium compounds
23 Tellurium; tellurium compounds
24 Aromatic polycyclic compounds (with carcinogenic effects)
25 Metal carbonyls
26 Soluble copper compounds
27 Acids and/or basic substances used in the surface treatment of metals.

Annex 5 - Summary 1

Simple and practical scheme for the identification and classification of special wastes (e.g. Naples 1983) (excerpt)

(1)

Consistency

- solid

- liquid

- sludgy

(2)

Appearance/size of components

Powder

Emulsion

wet

· small particles

· oily

dry

· medium particles

· water-based

non-aqueous

· large particles

· other base

not known

· not known

· not known

(3)

Main components/origin

· organic (of chemical or petrochemical origin)

· organic (of biological origin)

· metallic

· inorganic and organic

· inorganic

· not known

(4)

Occurrence of

· heavy metals

· phenols and derivatives

· cyanides and isocyanides

· halogenated organic substances

· organic solvents (non halogenated)

· biocides, pharmaceuticals

· tar residues

· asbestos

· oxidising organic materials

· none of those mentioned

· not known

(5)

pH value of waste material

· acid

· basic

· neutral

· not known

(6)

Combustibility

· readily ignitable

· ignitable

· flammable

· combustible

·

etc.

Source: World Bank Technical Paper 93, Vol. I, p. 154 f.

Annex 6 - Summary 2 (A-O)

Checklist for special wastes

Type of works

Special wastes liable to occur (and other information)

A

Absorption of oils (in case of incident)

Sawdust, inorganic solvents and chips soaked in oil

Absorption of oils (in case of incidents)

Sawdust, anorganic solvents and oil-soaked chips

Absorption of other liquids and sludges (in case of incident)

Sawdust, inorganic solvents and chips otherwise polluted, all possible solvents, acids and alkalis; inquire about substances

Absorption of solvents

Sawdust, inorganic absorbents and chips, solvent-soaked, HCs, CHCs, other organic solvents

Absorption of solvents (in case of incident)

Sawdust, inorganic solvents and chips soaked in solvent, hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, other organic solvents

Accumulator battery manufacture

Lead-containing dust, sulphuric acid

Acid sludge splitting plants

Acid sludge preparation residues

Air and gas cleaning, filtration processes

Paper filters, asbestos filters, a very large number of hazardous materials possible

Air and gas compressors

Compressor condensates, used oils

Aluminium production

Bauxite residues, alkaline sludges (containing iron (III)), fluoric salts

B

Barrel and tank cleaning

Sludge from tank cleaning and barrel washing

Blast furnaces

Slags with all heavy metals possible, sulphur compounds

Blasting plants

Heavy metals (arsenic, lead, mercury)

Bleaching works, textile industry, cellulose production

Hypochlorite spent lye

Building and plant demolition

Materials containing asbestos

Building and plant demolition, oil and chemical incidents

Rubble, chemically polluted with solvents, oil, PCBs, asbestos

Buildings and wood preservation

All paints, dispersants, solvents (e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbons, methanol, formalin, impregnating materials)

C

Cables and batteries production, lead production, lead foundries, lead processing, printing works, electrical engineering

Lead-containing dust

Capacitors

PCBs

Cellulose production

Sulphite spent lye, wastewater/sludges containing cellulose

Cellulose production, textile industry, bleaching works

Hypochlorite spent lye

Ceramic products and glass manufacture, textile industry, hardening shops

Barium salts, lead salts

Ceramic products and glass manufacture, textile industry, chemical industry, hardening shops

Barium salts

Ceramic products manufacture

Barium salts, lead salts, oxides

Ceramic products manufacture, manufacture and processing of glass, glazing preparation

Glass and ceramic waste with product-specific admixtures

Ceramic products manufacture, glass, glazing preparation

Glass and ceramic waste with production-specific admixtures

Ceramics industry, chemical industry, metallurgy

Silicic acid and quartz waste with production-specific admixtures

Chemical cleaning, redistillation

Distillation residues, salt-and solvent-free; distillation residues, containing solvent (halogen-free), distillation residues, containing salt

Chemical industry

· Air and gas cleaning, filtration processes

Paper filters, otherwise unpolluted, a very large number of hazardous materials possible (process-dependent)

· Building and plant demolition

Rubble, chemically polluted with solvents, etc.

· Ceramics industry, metallurgy

Silicic acid and quartz waste with production-specific admixtures (e.g. lead salts)

· Chemical cleaning, redistillation

Perchloroethane, tetrachloromethane, distillation residues, salt- and solvent-free, distillation residues containing solvents (halogen-free), distillation residues, containing salts

· Chlorine production

Barium sulphate sludge, containing mercury

· Cleaning and degreasing of metal surfaces, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products, textile industry, plastics processing

Nitrodilution, chlorinated hydrocarbons, other solvents

· Commerce

Fine chemicals of all types

· Crop treatment products

Copper chloride

· Electroplating works, zinc coating shops, printing works

Zinc hydroxide, hydrochloric acid

· Leather production

Alkali and alkaline earth sulphides, chromates

· Manufacture, distribution and application of crop treatment products and pesticides

Old stocks of such products

· Manufacture of ceramic products, manufacture and processing of glass, glazing preparation, electrical engineering, manufacture of fluorescent tubes, lamps, television tubes

Glass and ceramic waste with production-specific admixtures

· Manufacture of ceramic products and glass, textile industry, hardening shops

Barium salts

· Manufacture of detergent raw materials

Arsenic trisulphide, phosphorus salts

· Manufacture of detergents, cleaning and scouring materials

Manufacturing residues from detergent manufacture, liquid surfactants, solid surfactants

· Manufacture of nonferrous metals

Salts of heavy metals, some water-soluble

· Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products

Aromatic amines, glycol ethers, nitrodilutions, cresols, butanol, ethanol, other solvents, colouring pigments (some containing heavy metals)

· Manufacture of pharmaceutical products, textile industry, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products

Ethanol, butanol, organic active ingredients

· Manufacture of viscose and dyes, gas cleaning

Residues with elementary sulphur

· Metal production

Metallic salts and oxides of all types in various mixtures, some water-soluble, nearly always acid-soluble.

· Neutralisation, flue gas desulphurisation

Gypsum sludges with production-specific admixtures

· Petrochemicals

Hydrocarbons, tars, distillation residues, metallic soaps, chain and cyclic hydrocarbons

· Photographic chemical works

Other concentrates, some containing heavy metals

· Plant construction, mineral oil processing

Contact compounds

· Plastics processing

Manufacturing residues from plastics manufacture and processing, plastic sludges, containing solvents (halogen-free), aliphatic amines, plasticizers, additives

· Transformers

Transformer oils, thermal oils, possibly with traces of PCBs

Chemical industry, metallurgy and other sectors, industrial wastewater treatment

Other sludges from precipitation and solution processes with product-specific admixtures, salts containing cyanide

Chemical industry, manufacture of crop treatment products and pesticides

Old stocks of crop treatment products and pesticides

Chemical industry, trading

Fine chemicals of all types

Cleaning and degreasing of metal surfaces, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products, textile industry, plastics processing

Nitrodilutions, petroleum, solvents, chlorinated hydrocarbons, other solvents

Cleaning and scouring products, detergents manufacture

Manufacturing residues from detergent manufacture, liquid surfactants, solid surfactants

Cleaning and scouring products, detergents manufacture

Manufacturing residues from detergent manufacture, liquid surfactants, solid surfactants

Coking works, gas works, petrochemicals

Anthracene residues, naphthalene-containing residues, residues containing phenol, sludge from coking works and gas works wet dust scrubbers, distillation residues from tar oil production, phenol water, other sludges from coking works and gas works, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Conductor plates manufacture

Copper chloride, iron chloride, solutions/sludges

Coolant manufacture and use

Coolants, ammonia, CFCs

Crop treatment products and pesticides manufacture, trading and application

Old stocks of crop treatment products and pesticides

Crop treatment products and pesticides manufacture, trading and application

Old stocks of crop treatment products and pesticides

D

Decanting plants, emulsion separation plants

Sludge from oil separation plants

Detergent raw materials manufacture, chemical industry

Arsenic trisulphide

Detergents manufacture, cleaning and scouring products, chemical industry

Manufacturing residues from detergent production, liquid surfactants, solid surfactants

Dry flue gas cleaning

Mineral residues from waste gas cleaning, cyclical organic compounds

Dyes and viscose manufacture, gas cleaning

Residues with elementary sulphur

E

Electrical engineering, lead production, foundries, printing works, manufacture of batteries and cables, lead processing

Dust containing lead

Electrical engineering

Copper chloride

Electrical engineering and electroplating works and electroplating divisions of works

Electroplating slduge containing chrome (III), electroplating sludge containing copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt and noble metals

Electroplating works, zinc coating shops, printing works, manufacture of printing blocks

Zinc hydroxide

Electroplating works, zinc coating shops, printing works, manufacture of printing blocks

Zinc hydroxide

Electroplating works and electroplating divisions of works

Electroplating sludge containing cyanide, chrome (III), copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt or noble metals, other heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, tin

Emulsion separation plants, decanting plants

Sludge from oil separation plants

Etching works, printing works

Copper chloride solution

F

Filling stations, vehicle workshops

Used oil, hydrocarbons, organic compounds

Filling stations, motor vehicle workshops

Used oil (containing PCBs?), hydrocarbons, solvents of all types

Film development and copying

Bleaching baths, containing silver

Filtration processes, air and gas cleaning

Paper filters, asbestos filters, a very large number of possible hazardous materials, process-dependent

Flue gas desulphurisation, chemical industry, neutralisation

Gypsum sludges with production-specific admixtures

Foundries

Organic adhesives possible (containing formaldehyde, phenol and cyanate), pyrolysis products

G

Gas and air cleaning, filtration processes

Paper filters, asbestos filters, a very large number of hazardous materials possible, process-dependent

Gas and air compressors

Compressor condensates

Gas and air compressors

Compressor condensates

Gas cleaning, manufacture of viscose and dyes, chemical industry

Residues with elementary sulphur

Gas works, petrochemicals, coking plants

Anthracene residues, residues containing naphthalene, residues containing phenol , sludge from coking plants and gas works wet dust scrubbers, distillation residues from tar oil products, phenol water, other sludges from coking works and gas works, organic sulphur compounds, anthracene, toluol, xylol, phenol, phenandrene, cyanide

Gasworks, petrochemicals, coking plants

Anthracene residues, residues containing naphthalene, residues containing phenol, sludge from coking plants and gas works wet dust scrubbers, distillation residues from tar oil products, phenol water, other sludges from coking works and gas works, organic sulphur compounds, anthracene, toluol, xylol, phenol, phenandrene, cyanide

Glass, metal processing

Grinding sludge containing oil

Glass, metal processing

Grinding sludges containing oil

Glass and ceramic products manufacture

Barium salts, lead salts, lead oxides

Glass processing, manufacture of ceramic products, glazing preparation, electrical engineering, manufacture of fluorescent tubes, lamps, television tubes

Glass and ceramic waste with product-specific admixtures

H

Hardening shop steel treatment

Hardening shop sludge, containing nitrate, containing nitrite; hardening oils, sludges containing ammonia, sludges containing cyanide, barium carbonate sludge

Hardening shops

Thermal oils, usually free of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls

Horticultural establishments, market gardens

Old stocks of crop treatment products and pesticides

Hospitals

Infectious waste, medicines of all types, mercury, cleaning products, infective matter

Hospitals, laboratories

Chromic-sulphuric acid, other corrosive or oxidising substances, other chemicals

Hot-dip galvanizing, zinc production

Dust containing zinc

I

Industrial wastewater treatment from the chemical industry, metallurgy and other sectors

Other sludges from precipitation and solution processes with production-specific admixtures, salts containing cyanide, mercury salts

Institutions, works laboratories, schools

Laboratory chemical residues, biological waste

Iron, steel and malleable iron casting and steel production

Blast furnace dusts, tempering compounds, charging masses, blast furnace sludge; strippings from converters (basic slag), containing heavy metals

Iron and steel production, iron, steel and malleable-iron casting

Blast furnace gas dusts, blast furnace gas sludge, demolition of converters (Thomas steel)

Iron and steel production, iron, steel and malleable-iron casting

Blast furnace dusts, tempering compounds, organic adhesive compounds (phenol, formaldehyde isocyanates)

L

Laboratories, institutions, schools

Laboratory chemical residues of all types

Laboratories

Corrosive, toxic substances and compounds of all types

Lead foundries, printing works

Lead dross

Lead production, foundries, printing works, electrical engineering, manufacture of batteries and cables, lead processing, electrolysis

Lead-containing dust, lead ash, lead sludge

Leather production, chemical industry

Alkali and alkaline earth sulphides

Light metals production

Slags from smelting electrolysis

M

Machinery and vehicle construction, electroplating works and electroplating divisions of works

Electroplating sludge containing chrome (III), zinc, nickel, cobalt, noble metals

Magnesium production, foundries, refineries, processing

Dust containing magnesium

Manufacture of clocks, electroplating works and electroplating divisions of works (such as e.g. machine and vehicle construction, electrical engineering, precision engineering and optics, manufacture of iron, sheet and metal goods

Electroplating sludge containing Chrome (III), copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, noble metals

Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar materials

Nitrodilution, propanol, cresols, glycol ethers, ethanol, butanol, all other solvents, colouring pigments (some heavy metal oxides)

Manufacture of tools

Erosion sludge (petroleum and graphite)

Metal and glass working

Grinding sludges, containing oil

Metal cutting, surface treatment

Drilling, cutting and grinding oils, cooling lubricants, amines, nitrite salts

Metal cutting, surface treatment

Drilling, cutting and grinding oils; nitrites, amines (nitrous amines possible?), cooling lubricants

Metal processing, refrigeration engineering

Coolant solutions, CFCs, ammonia, solvents of all types, cooling lubricants

Metal surface treatment

Honing sludge, lapping sludge, honing oils

Metal surfaces cleaning and degreasing

Petroleum, hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons

Metal surfaces cleaning and degreasing, manufacture of paint, varnishes and similar products, textile industry, plastics processing

Nitrodilutions, cold cleaners, chlorinated hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, other solvents

Metal working, general

Heavy metals, volatile CHCs, cooling lubricants

Metallurgy, ceramics industry, chemical industry

Silicic acid, and quartz waste with production-specific admixtures

Metallurgy and other sectors, industrial wastewater treatment

Other sludges from precipitation and solution processes with production-specific admixtures, salts containing cyanide

Mineral oil processing, plant construction

Contact compounds

Mineral oil processing and storage, filling stations

Volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, petrols, benzene, diesel oil, aromatic hydrocarbons (benzol, toluol)

Mineral oil refinement

Waste acid, containing mineral oil

Mining

Hydraulic oils (some containing PCBs), used oils, lubricants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzol and naphthalene derivatives)

Motor vehicles, scrap trade

Battery acids, used oil, hydrocarbons

N

Neutralisation, flue gas desulphurisation, chemical industry

Gypsum sludges with production-specific admixtures

NF metal production, NF metal foundries

Slags from NF metal melts, filter dusts, containing heavy metals

NF metal production, foundries, refineries, processing

Dusts in salt or oxide form containing metal, compositions and hazards possible

NF metal production, NF metal foundries

Slags from NF metal smelting (all metal compounds possible), filter dusts, containing heavy metals; residues of adhesives (formaldehyde, isocyanate etc.)

NF metal production, foundries, refineries, processing

Dusts and salts containing metal of all compositions and hazards are possible; filters and filter residues containing metal dust

NF metals production

Heavy metal sulphides, vanadium salts, chromium salts, lead sulphates

O

Oil accidents

Used oil binders, PCBs (?), asbestos (?)

Oil and chemical incidents, building and plant demolition

Rubble, chemically polluted with solvents, oil, PCBs (?), asbestos (?)

Optical industry, electroplating works and electroplating divisions of works

Electroplating sludge containing chrome (III), copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, noble metals

P

Paint shops, painting works, trading

Old lacquers, old paints, solvents of all types

Paint shops

Paint shop waste, paints, lacquers, all solvents

Painting works, painting shops, trading

Old lacquers, old paints

Painting works, textile industry, carpet manufacture

Latex sludges, latex emulsions

Petrochemicals

Paraffin oil sludge

Petrochemicals

Coking works

Petrochemicals, coking works, gas works

Distillation residues from tar oil production; phenol water; anthracene residues, residues containing naphthalene, residues containing phenol, paraffin oil sludge; metallic soaps; other sludges from petrochemicals

Pharmaceutical products manufacture, processing of animal organs

Protein waste; infection hazard (?)

Phosphating, heat treatment and tempering operations

Phosphating sludge

Photographic chemical works, photographic laboratories, radiography laboratories, printing works, manufacture of printing blocks

Fixing baths, containing silver

Photographic chemical works, photographic laboratories, radiography laboratories, printing works, manufacture of printing blocks

Fixing baths, containing silver, other concentrates

Pickling plants

Chromic-sulphuric acid or other corrosive or oxidising acids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, heavy metals

Plant and building demolition

Materials containing asbestos may occur

Plant and building demolition after oil and chemical incidents

Rubble, chemically polluted with oil, PCBs possible, asbestos

Plastics processing, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products

Resin residues, not hardened

Plastics processing, chemical industry

Plasticizers, halogen-free

Plastics processing, cleaning and degreasing of metal surfaces, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products, textile industry, chemical industry

Nitrodilutions, CHCs

Plastics processing, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products, chemical industry

Cresols

Plastics processing

Aliphatic amines, manufacturing residues from plastics manufacturing and processing, plastics sludges, containing solvents, residues of resin oil, CFCs

Plastics processing, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products

Resin residues

Precision engineering and electroplating works and electroplating divisions of works

Electroplating sludge containing chrome (III), electroplating sludge containing copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt and noble metals

Printing block production, printing works, zinc coating shops

Zinc sludge

Printing block production, photographic chemical works, photographic laboratories, radiography laboratories, printing works

Fixing baths, containing silver

Printing block production, electroplating works, zinc coating shops, printing works, chemical industry

Zinc hydroxide

Printing ink manufacture

Printing ink residues

Printing works, lead foundries

Lead dross, dust containing lead, printing ink residues

Printing works, zinc coating shops, manufacture of printing blocks

Zinc sludge

Printing works, electroplating works, zinc coating shops, manufacture of printing blocks, chemical industry

Zinc hydroxide

Printing works, etching works

Copper chloride solution

Processing of animal organs, manufacture of pharmaceutical products

Protein waste

R

Radiographic laboratories, photographic chemical works, photographic laboratories

Fixing baths, containing silver

Railways

Battery acids, hydrocarbons, used oils, insecticides/pesticides

Refrigeration engineering, metalworking

Coolant solutions, ammonia, CFCs

S

Schools, institutions, works laboratories

Laboratory chemical residues of all types

Scrap trade, motor vehicles

Battery acids, used oil, hydrocarbons

Slags from blast furnace process and refuse incineration plants

Heavy metals

Starters of fluorescent tubes

PCBs (if made before 1984)

Substations, transformers

Transformer oils, thermal oils, some free from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) possible; hydrocarbons, chlorobenzols

Surface finishing, phosphating

Phosphating sludge

Surface finishing of metals

Ammonium bifluoride

Surface treatment, metal cutting

Drilling, cutting and grinding oils

Surface treatment and finishing

Rinsing and washing water, sludges containing metallic salts, cyanide, ammonium bifluoride, phosphate

T

Tank and barrel cleaning

Sludge from tank cleaning and barrel washing; hydrocarbons

Tank farms

Polluted heating oils, polluted fuels

Tanneries

Tannery liquor, chromates, alkali and alkaline earth sulphates

Television tube manufacture, lamps, fluorescent lamps

Glass and ceramic waste with production-specific admixtures

Textile industry, texturing

Acid oil waste

Textile industry, cellulose production, bleaching works

Hypochlorite spent lye

Textile industry, carpet manufacture, painting works

Latex sludges, latex emulsions

Textile industry, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products

Propanol

Textile industry, manufacture and degreasing of metal surfaces, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products, plastics processing

Nitrodilutions, ethanol, butanol

Tool manufacture

Glue and adhesive waste, putty and stopping waste

Trading of paint products

Old lacquers, old paints

Transformers, substations

Transformer oils, thermal oils, free of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) possible, hydrocarbons, chlorobenzols

V

Vehicle workshops, filling stations

Used oil, hydrocarbons, lead-organic compound, alcohol

Viscose and dyes manufacture, gas cleaning, chemical industry

Residues with elementary sulphur, copper salts

W

Waste treatment plants

Hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, used oil

Wood preservation and buildings

All paints, dispersants, solvents

Z

Zinc coating shops, printing works, manufacture of printing blocks

Zinc sludge

Zinc coating shops, printing works, electroplating works, manufacture of printing blocks, chemical industry

Zinc hydroxide sludges

Zinc production, foundry, hot-dip galvanizing, zinc processing

Dust containing zinc

Annex 7 - A proposed waste classification scheme

Waste types/Industry groups

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

J

K

L

I

Anorganic waste

Acids and alkalis

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Wastes containing cyanide

x

Sludges and solutions

x

x

x

x

x

containing heavy metals

Wastes containing asbestos

x

x

Solid residues (n.f.s.)

x

II

Wastes containing oil

x

III

Organic waste

Halogenated solvents

x

x

x

x

Non-halogenated solvent residue

x

x

x

x

x

Wastes containing PCBs

x

x

Paint and resin wastes

x

x

x

x

Biocides

x

x

x

x

x

x

Other organic chemical

x

x

x

residues (n.f.s.)

IV

Putrefactive organic waste

x

x

x

V

Wastes with high volume generation and low pollutant potential

x

x

x

VI

Mixed wastes

Infectious wastes

x

x

Laboratory wastes

x

x

Explosive wastes

x

x

x

n.f.s not further specified

Key, industry/waste groups

A Agriculture, forestry and food industry

B Mining and raw materials production

C Energy sector

D Metal production and processing

E Manufacture of non-metallic raw materials and industrial products

F Chemical and related industries

G Metal processing, motor vehicle production

H Textiles, clothing industry, wood working

J Paper manufacture, printing industry

K Health sector

L Services sector

A Agriculture, forestry and food industry

· Agriculture, forestry, fishery sector;
· Food sector: animal and plant products;
· Drinks industry;
· Animal feeds manufacture.

B Mining and raw materials production

· Mining and production of non-metal raw materials;
· Mining and production of metallic raw materials.

C Energy

· Coal production and recycling;
· Oil and gas industry, including oil and petrol production and other refinery products;
· Power generation;
· Drinking water production;
· Energy distribution.

D Metal production and processing

· Ferrous metals;
· Non-ferrous metals;
· Foundries.

E Manufacture of non-metallic raw materials and industrial products

· Minerals, ceramics and glass;
· Salt refining;
· Products containing asbestos;
· Abrasives.

F Chemical and related industries

· Petrochemicals;
· Production of primary chemicals and chemical starting materials;
· Production of paints, lacquers, colourings and adhesives;
· Manufacture of photographic products;
· Perfume industry and manufacture of soaps and detergents;
· Manufacture of consumer goods from rubber and plastic;
· Manufacture of explosives and blasting powder;
· Manufacture of biocides.

G Metal processing, motor vehicle manufacture

· Mechanical engineering;
· Manufacture of data processing equipment, computer industry;
· Electrical engineering;
· Automobile industry;
· Manufacture of other transport equipment;
· Plant construction, process engineering;
· Other metal-processing industrial sectors (n.f.s.),

H Textiles, leather and clothing industry, wood working

· Textiles, clothing and shoe industry;
· Fur and leather industry;
· Building timber, structural timber and furniture industry;
· Other non-metal processing industries (n.f.s.)

J Paper manufacture, printing industry, publishing

· Paper and board manufacture;
· Printing industry, publishing, reproduction.

K Medical sector and health sector/veterinary services

· Health; hospitals, doctors' surgeries and laboratories;
· Veterinary services.

L Other services

· Laundries, chemical and dry cleaning; dryers;
· Cosmetics institutions;
· Other services sectors (n.f.s.).

Source World Bank Technical Paper 93, Vol. I, p. 14f and 20f.

Annex 7a - Waste types according to the specimen classification scheme

Batstone, R., Smith, J.E., Wilson, D. (ed.):

The Safe Disposal of Hazardous Wastes, The Special Needs and Problems of Developing Countries, Vol. I, II, III; World Bank Technical Paper Number 93. A joint study sponsored by the World Bank, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), Washington D.C., 1989.

I INORGANIC WASTE

ACIDS AND ALKALIS

Waste streamsIndustry/process

Industry groups

Acids

Sulphuric acid
Pickles containing iron
Acid solvents
Nitric acid
Chromic acid
Stainless steel cleaning products
Acid sludge
Reagents

Electroplating
Steel pickling
Metal finishing
Organic synthesis
Electrolytic oxidation
Metal surface treatment
Coking
Pesticide manufacture

D
D
D
F
D
D
C
F

Alkalis

Alkaline detergents
Corrosive liquids containing ammoniaPickling baths
Wastes containing ammonia
Pickling sludges
Pickling
Sludges containing ammonia

Metal degreasing
Electrical engineering
Metal finishing
Copying shops, chemical synthesis
Oil, re-refining
Oil, refining
Coking/gas works

D
G
D
F/L
F
C
C

Wastes containing cyanide

Untreated rinsing water
Electroplating process solvents
Heat treatment waste
Concentrates and semi-concentrates

Electroplating
Steel production
Hydrometallurgy
Chemical synthesis
Spraying(pest control)

D
D
D
D
F
L

Heavy metal sludges and solutions containing heavy metals

Lead sludges
Wastewater treatment sludge from mercury cell process, brine cleaning, mercury cell process
Wastewater treatment sludges
Surface treatment
Cleaning sludges
Acid plant
Process sludges from electrolysis
- cadmium residues
- lye residues
- lead sludges
- other sludges
Briny sludges from acid plants
Wastewater treatment/sewage sludges
Pickling
Zinc and other heavy metal sludges
Filter dusts
Pickles and sludges

Chlorine production


Chrome dyes
Wood storage (1)
Lead smelting process (2)
Lead smelting process (3)
Zinc production



Battery production
Tin plate mill
Electroplating works
Copper production (2)

Copper production
Textile industry
Steel production
Steel finishing

F


F
H
D
D
D



G
D
D
D

D
H

D
D

Untreated wastewater and wastewater treatment sludges
Mixed metal sludges

Waste sludges
Reagents
Asbestos dust

Pipe cleaning and insulation materials

Compounds containing asbestos

Explosives manufacture

Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products
Photographic process
Electrical industry
Preparation and process technology for asbestos
Power station, industrial manufacture, gas works, ports, hospitals and schools
Chlorine production

F
F
F

F
G
E

F

Solid residues (n.f.s.)

Filter dusts
Dusts and sludges




Waste sands
Filter dusts
Draught furnace slag
Old catalysts
Solid residues
Wastes containing carbon

Scrap batteries
Iron oxides

Steel production
Ferromanganese furnace
Silicon manganese electric furnace
Ferrochromium electric furnace
Iron and steel smelting
Iron and steel smelting
Lead smelting process (3)
Copper smelting process (3)
Chemical synthesis
Rubber production
Manufacture sulphuric acid, chemical synthesis
Different sources
Gas cleaning/coking

D
D
D

D
D
D
D
D
F
F
F

Various
C

Notes:

(1) When using chromated copper arsenates
(2) Primary mat.
(3) Secondary mat.

n.f.s. not further specified

II WASTE CONTAINING OIL

Waste streams

Industry/process

Industry groups

Used oils

Contaminated benzine oils
Compressor condensates
Grit chamber residues



Sludges containing oil,
containing cyanide
Sludges containing oil


Sludges containing oil
Pickling sludges
Drilling and cutting oils
Used fruit oil

Car workshops, filling stations, textiles
Oil tanks and containers
Compressors
Manufacture of decomposition materials,
Chemical synthesis
Grit chamber, vessels
Surface treatment of metals

Oil production/cleaning
Mining
Petroleum refining
Coking plant and gas works
Re-refining of oils
Metal processing
Manufacture of fruit oils

G/L
H
Various
Various
E

F
Various
G

F
C
C
C
F
G
A

III ORGANIC WASTE

ORGANIC CHEMICAL RESIDUES (N.F.S.)

Waste streams

Industry/process

Industry groups

Halogenated substances1)

Propylene oxide/propylene glycol
Ether and aldehyde
Isocyanate
Alkalised bromide
Dye intermediates and dyes
Pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals
Plastic and rubber
Diazo process intermediate
products
Epoxide and phenol resin
Product research
Chlorocarbon

F
F
F
F
F

F
F

F
F
F
F

Source: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1979. Halogenated Organic Wastes, Waste Management Paper No. 15, Annex 2, London. - adapted-.

1) no precise substance description has been given because of the large number of substances.

n.f.s. not further specified

III ORGANIC WASTE ORGANIC CHEMICAL RESIDUES (N.F.S.)

Waste streams

Industry/process

Industry groups

Non-halogenated substances1)

Oil refining
Petroleum refining
Organic substances from chemicals production
Chemicals production
Dyes and intermediate products (manufacture)
Production of raw chemicals
Petrochemicals (manufacturer)
Pharmaceuticals (manufacture)
Fine chemicals (manufacture)
Chemical fibres manufacture
Lubricants, additives (manufacture)
Aluminium smelting process
Plastic fabrication
Plastic (manufacture)
Town/gas works
Phenol production
Toluol diisocyanate (production)

C
C
F

F
F

F
F

F
F
F
D

F
F
C
C
F
F

Source: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1977. Tarry and Distillation Wastes and Other Chemical-Based Residues, Waste Management Paper No. 13, Annex 3. London. - adapted -.

1) no precise substance description has been given because of the large number of substances.

n.f.s. not further specified.

III ORGANIC WASTE ORGANIC CHEMICAL RESIDUES (N.F.S.)1)

Waste streams

Industry/process

Industry groups

Dry cleaning
Textiles and leather
Metal cleaning
Colour staining
Industrial and domestic cleaning
Chemical synthesis
Bonding agents (manufacture)
Automobiles (manufacture)
Cleaning products and polishes
Mechanical engineering
Raw materials industry (essential oils, etc.) flavourings, essences, perfume, cosmetics and health care products (manufacture)
Maintenance and repair of vehicles, including road, railway and air traffic
Leather industry
Wood industry, preservatives
Photographic industry
Printing industry
Shipyards and shipbuilding
Wheel (manufacture)

L
H
G
L
L

F
F
G
F

G
F

G

H
H
J
J
G

Source: Adapted from Department of the Environment. 1977. Waste Management Paper No. 14, Annex 1. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

1) no precise substance description has been given because of the large number of substances.

n.f.s. not further specified.

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL WASTE

Waste streams

Industry/process

Industry groups

Solid and liquid waste
Dielectric liquid and solid waste
Dielectric liquid and solid waste
Hydraulic fluids

Heat transmission fluids
Plastic residues

Manufacture of PCBs
Transformer residues

Condenser residues

Mining equipment, aircraftchemical industry
Chemical process technology
Production process of plastics manufacture

F
G

G

G
F
F
F

III ORGANIC WASTE

BIOCIDE WASTE

Chemical classes

Waste types

Industry/process

Industry groups

Insecticides

Bottom residues

Biocide manufacture

F

· Organo-phosphorus

Filter media

Biocide formulators

F

· Compound

Separation products

Packaging industry

F

· Organo-chlorine

Packaging

Importers

F

· Compound

Clothing

Wholesalers

F

· Carbamate

Treatment domestic wastewater sludges

Distributors/Retail trade

F

Herbicides

· Phenols

· Phenoxy acid

Incident drainage

· Substituted urea

Cleaning

· Triazines

· Benzoic acid

· Dinitroanilines

Empty containers

Use in agriculture

A

· Anilides

Unused products

Domestic use (animal care)

A

· Other

Accidents

Use in horticulture

A

Fungicides

Industrial uses

· Wood preservation

H

· Dithiocarbamates

· Dyes industry

F

· Phtalimides

· Paper industry

I

· Textile industry

H

· Electrical cables

G

· Tobacco

A

· Adhesives

F

· Building industry

E

Use in the public sector

L

Uses in the home and garden sphere

L

BIOCIDE WASTE

Waste streams

Industry/Process

Industry groups

Varnishing residues

Varnishing works

G/H

Old varnishes

Painting/varnishing shops (trade)

G/H

Old paints

Painting/varnishing works

G/H

Varnishing sludges

Paint residues

Manufacture of paints

F

Printing ink residues

Manufacture of printing inks

F

Printing works

J

Resin residues

Plastics production

F

Manufacture of paints

F

Manufacture of synthetic resins

F

Resin oil residues

F

Manufacture of resin

H

Paint residues

Manufacture of paint

F

(1) Normally the waste contains a mixture of aliphatic solvents, resins and sometimes also heavy metals

IV PUTREFACTIVE ORGANIC WASTE

Decomposed vegetable oils

Production of edible oil

A

Production of edible fat

A

Special oil residues

Production of pharmaceuticals

F

Production of health care articles

F

Animal waste; including blood, faeces and intestines

Abattoir

A

Meat production

A

Fish farming

A

Poultry waste

Poultry farming

A

Fish waste

Fish farming

A

Animal corpses/skeletons

Stock farming

A

Pharmaceuticals industry

F

Skin, glues

Tannery and fleece industry

H

Meat residues

Tannery sludges

Sludges and animal remains

Intestine contents

A

Cooking remains, kitchen waste

Processing of animal products

A

V Mass waste with relatively low hazard potential

Waste streams

Industry/process

Industry

Drilling sludges

Petroleum/gas production

C

Fly ash

Power station cleaning

C

Materials from mining

Mineral production

B

Contaminated soil

Various

Various

Flue gas desulphurisation residues

Power station cleaning

C

Phosphorus gypsum sludges

Fertiliser production

F

Titanium dioxide sludges

Dye production

F

VI Special wastes

Waste streams

Industry/process

Industry groups

INFECTIOUS WASTE

Special types of waste

Stock farming

A

Resulting from veterinary quarantine

K

Pathogenic waste with communicable germs

Health institutions

K

Animal and human tissue

Microbiology laboratories

K

Hospitals

K

Biotechnology industry

K

Microbiology industry

K

Garments

Hospitals

K

Institutions

K

Disposable materials(hospital waste)

LABORATORY WASTE

Waste pharmaceuticals

Pharmacists

L

Laboratory chemical

Manufacture of drugs/fine chemicals

F

residues

Research institutions

Various

Chemistry laboratories

Various

EXPLOSIVE WASTE

Armaments waste

Armaments

F/G

TNT, azide

Explosives manufacture

F

Nitrate of organic chemical waste

Chemical synthesis

F

Annex 8 - Table: Classification of substances presenting problems for particular sectors

Product group1)

Sector

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

1. Locksmiths

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

2. Blacksmiths

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

3. Vehicle mechanics

X

X

X

X

X

X2)

X

X

X

X

X

4. Filling stations

X

X

X

X2)

X

X

X

X

X

X

5. Coach builders

X

X

X

X2)

X

X

X

X

X

6. Small electroplating works

X

X

X

X

X

7. Painters/lacquerers

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

8. Joiners

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

9. Shoemakers

X

X

X

X

X

10. Glaziers

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

11. Bookbinders/printers

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

12. Building cleaners

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

13. Dyers/chemical cleaners

X

X

X

X

14. Horticultural establishments

X

X

X

X

15. Hairdressers

X

X

X

16. Hotels/inns

X

X

X

17. Photographers

X

X

X

X

18. Artists/graphic artists

X3)

X

X

X

X

X

X

19. Gold- & silversmiths

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

20. Dental laboratories

X

X

X

X

X

X

21. Dental practices

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

22. Medical specialist practices

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

23. Laboratory technicians

X

X

X

X

24. School/college laboratories

X

X

X

25. Pharmacists

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

26. Druggists

X

X

1) Product definition;
2) Including car care products;
3) Including printing and painting inks

1. Drugs and pharmaceuticals
2. Batteries
3. Pesticides
4. Paints, lacquers
5. Solvents
6. Adhesives, glues
7. Acids, pickles
8. Cleaning, care products
9. Oil and oil emulsions
10. Other materials and supplies
11. Used oil/other oil emulsions
12. Oil-soaked cleaning cloths
13. Solid chemical residues
14. Infectious cloths
15. Liquid chemicals
16. Empty disposable syringes
17. Liquid infusions
18. Other product-specific quantities of waste

Source: Hessisches Ministerium für Umwelt und Reaktorsicherheit (ed.): Hessische Abfallwirtschaftskonzeption, Anwenderhandbuch, Wiesbaden 1988, - adapted -.


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