Lake 2008 - Conservation and Management of Lake and River Ecosystems

Theme 8 : Urbanization – Impacts on Ecosystem
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Impacts of Urbanization on wetlands: A Case Study – Tumkuru Amanikere

Kokilamani AL
Lecturer in Zoology and research student (doing M.Phil)
Sri Aurobindo College for Women, Bangaluru ‐86 Karnataka, India
E‐mail: alkokilamani@yahoo.co.in

  Wetlands are the most productive and biologically diverse but very fragile ecosystems. They are vulnerable to even small changes in their biotic and abiotic factors. For the past several decades, the wetlands have been under stress due to urbanization and many anthropogenic activities in developing cities and towns, such as Tumkuru. In this study, Tumkuru Amanikere has been selected as a case study, mainly to enquire into its ecological health and develop a strategy to protect it from threats due to urbanization. The visual observation, information collected from the localities and previous data proved the impacts of urbanization on this man-made wetland. Increase in dumping of untreated sewage and solid wastes, industrial effluents into the lake have caused the degradation. It is accompanied by increase in the infestation of water hyacinth, turbidity of water, the amount of lead (5.51±0.92ppm), evapotranspiration and BOD level. Loss of some local species fishes, destruction of nullahs which feed the lake, encroachment, loss of habitat of endangered green pond frog, fluctuation in the number of visiting birds, are few impacts of urbanization on the ecology of lake. Lack of socio-cultural relationship between the local communities and the wetland was also observed. It requires immediate implementation of wetlands conservation laws and some wetland development projects.

Theme 8 : Urbanization – Impacts on Ecosystem
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The Impact of Urbanization on Tumkur Ammanikere Lake ‐A Case Study

Ramakrishnaiah CR, Sadashivaiah C* and Ranganna G**
Assistant Professor
Civil Engg Department BMS College of Engg Bangalore‐560019
**Principal, KIT, Neerumarg Mangalore‐575023
**Visiting Professor, UGC‐CAS, Department of Mathematics, Central College campus,
Bangalore University, Bangalore‐560 001

Most of our water resources are gradually becoming polluted due to addition of foreign materials from the surroundings. These include organic matter of plant and animal origin, land surface washing, and industrial and sewage effluents. Rapid urbanization and industrialization with improper environmental planning often lead to discharge of industrial and sewage effluents into the lakes. The aim of the study is to assess the lake water quality, surrounding area groundwater quality, extent of heavy metal contamination of water and soil quality in the watershed area of the lake. The present work is also aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater around Ammanikere Lake. The DO of the Ammanikere Lake water ranges from 1.4-7.5 mg/l. The lake water BOD ranges from 12-54 mg/l. Water quality index (WQI) values ranges from 75 to 171 in the command area and 85 to 191 in the catchment area. Samples of water have been analysed for five heavy metals, viz. Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb and Zn. Results show the presence of some of the heavy metals in the water. Soil samples have been analysed for Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. An attempt is made to study the effects of urbanization on Tumkur Ammanikere Lake. The study also suggests method/techniques to counter the effects of urbanization to some extent.

Theme 8 : Urbanization – Impacts on Ecosystem
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Urban Heat Island in a Coastal City Interlaced by Wetlands

George Thomas* and Zachariah EJ**
Atmospheric Sciences Division, Centre for Earth Science Studies
PB 7250, Thuruvikkal PO, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 031 India
Email: *geonce@gmail.com, **ejzach@vsnl.com

   The Urban Heat Island (UHI) in Kochi, a fast growing urban region in coastal Kerala, was investigated. Western parts of the city adjoining the coast are interlaced by a network of canals and wetlands which are part of the Vembanad Lake system. The UHI during summer and winter periods were recorded through mobile traverses as well as stationary continuous recording instruments located at select locations within the region. The intensity of the heat island during summer was 2.2 K and during winter was 2.8 K.  It is observed that the intensity of the UHI here is moderate compared to that observed in other cities in the region.  It is inferred that the wetlands is controlling the intensity of the Urban Heat Island here. The heating and cooling rates in different locations within the region were also computed. The results are reported.

Theme 8 : Urbanization – Impacts on Ecosystem
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Baseline Study On An Eco‐Restoration Process Of A Hyper‐Eutrophic Urban Water Body

Prathishta Y, JRF, Centre for Environmental Studies Anna University, Chennai – 25
Dirk Walther, CIM expert, Centre for Environmental Studies Anna University, Chennai – 25
Thanasekaran K, Director, Centre for Environmental Studies Anna University, Chennai

In 1981 the Government of India signed the Ramsar Convention and as a consequence 25 lakes and wetlands were identified. Two National programmes were launched by the Indian government namely, “The National Lake Conservation Plan” (1994) and “The National Wetland Conservation Programme” (1995) to rejuvenate the degraded lakes and wetlands throughout the country. Currently the new “Wetland (Conservation and Management) rules 2008” is on the way drafted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, targeting to protect surface water bodies like ponds and wetlands. Though the Indian Government puts lot of emphasis on the restoration of lakes and wetlands only few scientific information is available. Studies were conducted at Chilika lake in Orrisa, Sambhar lake in Rajasthan and other location but most of them dealing with large scale water bodies and the programmes are not designed to understand the restoration process from scientific angle. There is need for more intensive studies based on the biochemical restoration processes, as there are nutrient fluxes, DO loadings in the epilimnion, metalimnion and hypolimnion, and comprehensive pollution management. A hyper-eutrophic pond was selected in Chennai city to conduct intensive studies on the impact of various restoration methods on the water body. For that purpose bathymetric study, sludge depth analysis, vertical DO profiling, physico-chemical and microbiological analysis was conducted. The results reveal that the removal of nutrient concentration from the pond is achieved by subsequent removal of water cabbages, which resulted in a temporary reduction of 71% and 69% of nitrate and phosphate respectively. A combine re-aeration and filtration system was deployed and observed over a period of 22 days. The use of re-aeration caused a reduction of nutrients and organic matter in the pond, whereas filtration was used to remove predominantly mineralized organic phosphate and nitrogen from the pond by filtering the algal biomass. The removal of biomass from the water body resulted only in a meager reduction of phosphate and nitrogen of 2% and 16% respectively. However, the average saturation level of oxygen in the total pond increased from 30% to 45%. In addition to filtration and aeration EM enhanced biological sand filtration is used and yet under investigation.

Theme 8 : Urbanization – Impacts on Ecosystem
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Characterization of leachate and ground water samples of a municipal solid waste Dumping site of
Bangalore city, Karnataka

Nandini N, Reddy PS, Anupama BS and Durgesh R
Dept.of Environmental Science, Bangalore University, Bangalore

With increase in the global population and the rising demand for food and other essentials there has been a rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by each house hold. If the waste is not managed properly it can pollute the water supply along the whole length of the water course including the air near by. Infections and diseases can spread from dumping sites into general population.
The present study deals with the analysis and estimation of water quality of Haralukuntae Lake of somasundarapalya village of Bangalore city which is in the vicinity of the dumping site, Karnataka compost developing corporation (KCDC). The parameters analysed were above the permissible limits when compared to the Standards of disposal of treated leachates by Maximum Permissible limit (MPL) by Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) and Indian council for medical research (ICMR) for surface water, for leachate samples and tolerance level prescribed by BIS and ICMR for ground water samples. Total hardness and total alkalinity was more than twice the above desirable level and TDS was four times above MPL for ground water samples.

Theme 8 : Urbanization – Impacts on Ecosystem
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Historical Evolution of Tank System in Bangalore City

Fathima Samana S and Anitha Susheelan
Student, M. Arch (Urban Design), School of Architecture,
RV College of Engineering, Bangalore.
fathimasamana@yahoo.co.in
Architect, Urban Designer, Faculty, School of Architecture,
RV College of Engineering, Bangalore.
anithasuseelan@gmail.com

Many of the present cities previously emerged as settlements, along water bodies. The relation between settlements and water is unique and important. The paradigm here is water is considered a source, which sustains life, nurtures occupations and supports religious beliefs.
Presently, there is shift in paradigm, with urbanization & globalization,

The main contents of the study would include the historically present system of tanks……

This paper highlights the water network as a structuring element, which also gives Bangalore an identity. An understanding of tank system would help us conserve this unique asset of our city.

Theme 8 : Urbanization – Impacts on Ecosystem
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Impact of Urbanization on Surface, Sub‐Surface and Ground Water Quality (A case study for Hebbagoidi village, Anekal
tauk, Bangalore urban district)

Chandra Shekar H1 Lokesh KV2 Ranganna G3
1Department of Civil Engineering, MEI Polytechnic, Bangalore – 560 010
2Faculty of Civil Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bangalore – 560 056.
3UGC‐CAS in Fluid Mechanics, Department of Mathematics, Bangalore University, Bangalore –
560 001.

     In the holy books of the world religions, water features as a source of life.  There would be no life on earth without water.  In many areas, water supply for industrial, domestic and agricultural uses are dependent on water. Of late for  agricultural development, more and more ground water is exploited, particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions. Hebbagodi village and its surroundings in Anekal taluk, Bangalore urban district is taken up for studies on the impact of urbanization and the resulting effects on surface water and ground water.  The village has no basic infrastructure facilities as such and it is surrounded by Bommasandra industrial area with growing residential colonies and apartments. For surface water quality investigation, water samples of two lakes (kere) viz., Hebbagodi lake and Kammasandra lake are considered for physical and chemical analysis.  Also, water samples taken from shallow wells and deep wells are subjected to analyses.  From the results of analyses, it is observed that the ion concentrations are above the permissible values and thus they are unfit for use, let alone potability.
The paper discusses possible preventive measures to be taken up for protecting of water  quality of from different sources against their further deterioration.  Some of the tasks proposed for abatement of contamination of water are discussed. Further, cost effective treatment methods for water purification are suggested so that water can be used for potable purposes.