AQUATIC
HOTSPOT
Thingale |
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BACKGROUND INFORMATION |
Name of the Hotspot |
Thingale Fish Congregation Centre. |
Focal species |
Mahseer – Tor Kudhree (Sykes), |
Coordinating Team Experience / Expertise |
Prof. Madhav Gadgil & Team |
Investigation Team |
H.N. Chandrashekharaiah, M.F. Rahman, K. Shyam Bhat and Dr. G. V. Kowtal |
Dates of data collection |
From 12.10.2003 to 31.10.2003 |
Process of data collection |
Field study and Interviews. |
Source of information |
Sri. Vikramarjuna Heggade, Thingale House, Thingale. Sri. Santhosh Shetty, Garadibettu House, Thingale. Sri. Boodhu Poojary, Kotebettu House. Sri. Bogra Harijana, Nellikatte. Sri. Laxman Shriyan, Fisherman, Kapu. Sri. Viswanath, Pump Operator, Someswara Village Panchayath. Sri. Suresh kumar, Deputy Director of Fisheries, Mangalore. Sri. Harish, Assistant Director of Fisheries, Udupi. Sri. Umesh, Assistant Director of Fisheries Karkala. |
Number of man-days consumed in data collection |
12 Man-days |
SETTING |
Location |
Garadigundi, Thingale, in river Seetanadi. |
Area (in ha or Sq. km) |
One hector |
Latitude / Longitude / Altitude. |
Lat 13 o 12'; Long : 75 o 00' |
Village/Town/ Taluk/ District |
Nadupala / Nadupala /Karkala / Udupi. |
Maps (kind of map and scale) |
Enclosed |
Mode of access (Distance from Railway/Bus station) |
The route to reach the place from Udupi Hebri- Mandimata-Thingale-Garadigundi is 50 Kms from Mangalore Via Karkala-Mudradi-Mandimata-Thingale Garadigundi is 100 K.M |
Facilities to stay closest to the hotspot |
Forest guest house at Seethanadi 6 kms from Thingale and Hotel at Hebri 12 kms, are available. |
Tariff (if any) to be paid to visit the hotspots |
Nil |
Controlling authorities |
Assistant Director of Fisheries, Udupi and Brahma, Baidarkala Garadi, Sri Vikramarjuna Heggade Trustee. |
Classes of Landscape |
Hilly terrain, perennial river Seethanadi surrounded by evergreen forest. |
Water bodies |
The Water body Seethanadi river originates about 20 kms upstream at Narasimha Parvatha near Kigga of Sringeri Taluk and flow west wards to join the Arabian Sea at Hangarakatta. On the upstream of this sanctuary the river has two falls, namely Mangatheertha and Kudlatheertha. A river called Bharkana joins this at 6 kms upstream. There are no dams built above the sanctuary. Kudlatheertha falls located to kms above this is a picnic spot of beauty and adventure. Below the sanctuary 25 kms down stream, a dam has been built for power generation at Santhekatte. |
Human population |
The population of the village was 2098 (1981) and 2594 (1991). |
Presence of Scheduled Tribes or Nomadic Tribes population. |
SC : 77 ST : 346 |
Livestock |
Cattle |
Irrigation status and Major crops |
Adjoining lands are cultivated. Paddy, areca, coconut and rubber plantations are important crops. |
Significant forest produce |
Not applicable |
Quantities recorded at the Ranga or Divisional Forest Offices |
Not Applicable |
Cooperative societies and their transactions. |
There is no fishermen co-operative society. |
Significant fresh water fish productions |
Negligible, since fishing is not permitted, no fish is harvested. |
Disposal of fishing rights (Leasing / Auctioning / License) |
The Fisheries Department is the authorized government agency empowered to dispose the fishing rights of Seethanadi river. But according to the local Assistant Director of Fisheries, the fishing rights of this river is not leased, auctioned or licences issued. There is no fishing in Garadigundi waters traditionally. Local SC and ST people belonging to Bogra and Malekudiya communities, fish in the river and adjoining streams beyond the traditionally prohibited area using traditional gears like Makkeri, appe, goori, gala and goribale. Some people also resort to use of plant based poison (kadu). Professional fishermen from Thirthahallu, Ajekkar and Belmannu of the neighbouring areas come and fish using nets. According to local people, when the water level is low in the river, (Oct-May), “Dynamitting-“both on upstream and downstream of Garadigundi is a regular feature to catch fish. |
Significant estuarine and marine fish and shell fish productions |
Not applicable |
Number and type of fishing crafts |
Local people do not posses any gear and craft for fishing. |
Nearest fish landing centres |
There is no fish landing centre as no fish is caught in the area. Coastal area is located nearby and people prefer marine fish which is sold regularly in the locality. The major fish species in Seethanadi is Mahseer-Tor Kudhree locally known as Peruvolu”, and is considered as sacred fish; as such local people fear for their consumption. |
Availability of fish processing facilities |
Not available |
Mining and quarrying activities |
There is no mining or quarrying activity in the area. |
Source and extent of air and water pollution |
The agriculturists use pesticides for crops like paddy, areca, coconut, and rubber plantation; its entry into the river course may cause some pollution; otherwise there is no other cause of pollution at present. |
Prevalent of human diseases |
Nil |
Prevalence of livestock diseases |
Nil |
Educational Institutions | Nil |
Co-operative societies | Nil |
Youth Clubs | Nil |
Ladies Clubs | Nil |
Active NGOs |
Nagarika Seva Samithi Guruvaryanakere |
THREATS AND SUPPORTIVE RESTORATION ACTIVITIES |
Name of individual / institutions / agency |
Activity with a positive influence on core area |
Activity with a negative influence on core area |
Activity with a positive influence on zone of influence |
Activity with a negative influence on zone of influence |
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
Local individuals |
Sri. Vikramarjuna Heggade, Trustee, Thingale Daivasthana |
Leader, Traditional Biodiversity Protection group. |
Nil |
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Local institutions |
Department of Fisheries, G.O.K |
Department of fisheries has taken initiative to develop the fish congregation area by providing financial assistance and also to educate local public in protection of fish fauna. |
Nil |
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Outside individuals |
Department of Forest, G.O.K |
Protects the forest and wild life |
Nil |
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Outside institutions |
Local and migrant people |
Nil |
Poisoning and dynamiting |
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Government agencies |
Devotees of the Brahma baidarkala Daivasthana |
Responsible for feeding and providing protection. |
Nil |
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Industrial mining companies etc., |
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Any other agencies |
LIST OF KNOWLEDGE INDIVIDUALS |
Name and Address |
Education |
Expertise |
Shri. Vikramarjuna Heggade Thingale P.O. Seethanadi via Hebri Pin – 576112 Karkala Taluk, Udupi District. Ph : 08253 – 774222. |
B.Sc, M.A |
Baidarkala-Garadi and Garadigundi Fish sanctuary is looked after by this local Heggade family. |
HABITATS |
a) Preparation of sketch map of the landscape : | ||
1. |
For zone of influence |
Village map enclosed |
2. |
For zone of influence |
Village map enclosed |
b)Description of Habitat types | ||
1. |
Habitat type |
The river flows with clear almost throughout the year. The village NADPAL is covered by reserve forest (95%). The water body is densely covered by forest of western ghat. Trees and wildlife are abundant. Streamside forest is very natural and good except for a stretch of 1 Km on the left side near the sanctuary which is bordered by agricultural land. Hydromodification, riparian encroachment and sedimentations are not reported. The bottom is clear with sand, gravel, boulders and granite rocks. The water flow is meandering and swift. Pools, rocky projections and gravel islands with shrubs are common. Riffles and constricted flow besides undercut banks are formed during rainy season. It is a good jungle water course. |
2. |
Local name (if any) |
Garadigundi. |
3. |
Approximate total area (in ha) |
One hectare |
4. |
Special significance of the habitat type (if any) |
The Garadi gundi water has rich biodiversity of aquatic life which, in addition to fishes has several spices of insects, crustaceans, molluscs, reptiles, birds and aquatic mammals. |
5. |
Management regimes |
Though the fish congregation is in existence in river Seethanadi near Thingale for the past several years, no action is taken to declare the Hotspot as a sanctuary and to provide desired protection. The Heggade family and locals are responsible for protecting the fish stocks and also feeding them, sporadic, dynamiting, poisoning and poaching are reported. Local people devotedly adores these Peruvol-the Mahseer Tor Khudree to be God's fish and worship it. The species is seldom caught and consumed. In the recent past, the department of fisheries has created awareness among locals about the need and importance of protecting the threatened fish species. The Department has constructed a road, approach steps, observation platform and fixed a sign board, temple authorities and pilgrims feed the fishes. There is, however, no organized feeding schedule. There is no watch and ward. The Department of Fisheries has initiated action to declare the Hotspot as a Fish Sanctuary. |
6. |
Goods and services provided by the habitat |
The river shelters species of fishes and other aquatic fauna. Helps in generation of electricity in the lower reaches besides meeting the needs of agriculture. |
7. |
Bads and disservices provided by the habitat |
Not significant. |
8. |
Significant ecological processes influenced by the habitat |
The unpolluted water body and swift flow provide healthy aquatic environment. Fruits and foliage of the forest trees provide additional food. Heavy rainfall and the pools in the river stretch provide scope for the fish to take shelter and propagate. Less of human interference has given scope for the fishes to congregate in the area. |
9. |
Significant man-induced processes influenced by the habitat |
During 1999, the Department of Fisheries provided rupees 2,00,000/- which helped in the construction of an approach road, steps and a platform. It has also been planned to organize feeding of fishes with the active participation of temple authorities and pilgrims. |
10. |
Interacting individuals and institutions (local) |
The trustees of the temple headed by Sri. Heggade, the local people and Department of Fisheries help in maintaining the Hotspot. |
11. |
Activities |
Conservation efforts : The Heggade family (who owns and manages the place of worship) locals and the Department of fisheries helps to conserve and protect the fishes in the Hotspot. |
12. |
Interacting individual and institutions (External) |
Instances of occasional poaching and dynamiting are reported. Active participation of the Trustees and the locals has prevented such occurrences in the recent years. |
13. |
Activities |
Temple Trustees, locals and the Department of Fisheries and interacting authorities. |
c) History of important habitat patches over 10-15 / 40-50 years. | ||
1. |
Type and name of the habitat patch |
River poll, Thingale Garadigundi. |
2. | Change in | |
i |
Area |
There is no change. |
ii |
Vegetation Strata |
There is no change. |
3. | Aquatic habitat change in | |
i |
Catchment area |
No Significant change |
ii |
Aquatic fauna |
No Significant change |
iii |
Aquatic flora |
No significant change. |
4. |
Significant ecological process influencing the habitat patch |
The perennial river, the terrain, un-polluted water, sparsely populated and less of agricultural activities have influenced the habitat patch. |
5. |
Significant man-induced processes influencing the habitat patch |
Supply of feed to the fishes, protection by Temple Trustees / locals and the Department of Fisheries has a positive impact on the Hotspot. |
6. |
Productivity of Goods at Services |
Not much change. |
7. |
Extent of Bads and Disservices |
Not observed |
8. |
Reasons for ongoing changes |
Department of Fisheries has improved the physical features of the area by constructing an approach road, steps at the site and a platform for viewing the fishes in the Hotspot in their natural environment. |
9. |
Gainers |
The biodiversity is conserved and the endangered Mahseer Tor Khudree is protected. |
10. |
Loosers |
None |
11. |
Desired changes / Desired future |
The fish congregating area has to be declared as a “Sanctuary” for the protection of the endangered fish. This includes prevention of poaching, indiscriminate fishing, using dynamites and poisoning, feeding of fishes, organizing watch and ward, etc, public should be educated in safe-guarding the habitat. Awareness camps may be organized. |
12. | Desired management system | The present road leading to the Hotspot from the main road is required to be asphalted. The Trustees of the temple care takers may be assisted by providing adequate funds to arrange feeding of fishes when there are no pilgrims. During summer period it is likely that the fish in the pool are subjected to poaching, dynamiting, poisoning etc., Hence, the Department of Fisheries may provide funds for appointing guards / wardens to control such events. On either side of the river, upto a distance of 50 Mtrs, action be taken not be permit quarrying, agricultural activity and building construction so as to maintain the biodiversity of the aquatic life existing in the Hotspot. The Department of Fisheries, in order to protect the endangered Tor khudree , should initiate action to declare the fish congregating centre as a “Sanctuary” by demarcating upto a distance of 1 Km on either side of the pool inclusive of the area as a protected zone. The Department should also place a staff member at the Hotpot to protect the fish stocks. There is also a need to undertake detailed fish faunistic studies, identify their breeding grounds. / nursery areas to organize corrective measures for safe guarding the Hotspot. |
13. |
Suggested component for feasible management plan for the habitat patch |
The Government of Karnataka may constitute a Fish Protection committee with representative from Departments of Fisheries, Forest, Village Panchayat, Temple trustees, locals, NGOs etc to periodically review and to manage the hotspot. |
LIFE SCAPE |
i PLANKTON | |
PHYTOPLANKTON | |
Chlorophyceae: Spirogyra | |
Bacillariophyceae: Synedra Fragillaria | |
Miscellaneous: Vegetative parts | |
ZOOPLANKTON | |
Copepoda: Cyclops | |
Ostracoda: Cypris | |
ii BENTHOS | |
a. Insects | |
Order: Hemiptera | |
Family: GERRIDAE | |
1. Gerris spinolae Leth. & Sev. | |
Molluscs: Bivalvia | |
Subclass: Paleoheterodonta | |
Order: Unionoida | |
Family: UNIONIDAE | |
Sub family: Uniconinae | |
Genus: Lamellidens Simpson | |
2. Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck) | |
iii AQUATIC WEEDS | Not recorded |
IV. FISH SPECIES |
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Scientific name | Common English name | Kannada name | ||
Order |
: |
Cypriniformes |
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Family |
: |
CYPRINIDAE |
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Subfamily |
: |
Danioninae (=Rasborinae) |
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Tribe |
: |
Oxygasterini |
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Genus |
: |
Salmostoma Swainson |
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1 |
Salmostoma boopis (Day) |
Boopis razor belly minnow |
Sampaj |
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2 |
Salmostoma phulo phulo (Hamilton-Buchanan) |
Black razor belly minnow |
Chalake |
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Genus |
: |
Barilius Hamilton-Buchanan |
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3 |
Barilius gatensis (Valencieness) |
River carp Baril |
Agasa-gatti meenu |
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Tribe |
: |
Danionini |
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Genus |
: |
Rasbora Bleeker |
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4 |
Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton-Buchanan) |
Black-line Rasbora |
Golai |
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5 |
Rasbora rasbora (Hamilton-Buchanan) |
Scissor – Tail Rasbora |
Saslu |
|
Sub family |
: |
Cyprininae |
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Tribe |
: |
Cyprinini |
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Sub-Tribe |
: |
Tores |
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Genus |
: |
Tor Gray |
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6 |
Tor khudree (Sykes) |
Deccan Mahseer |
Bili meenu |
|
Tribe |
: |
Systomini |
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Sub-Tribe |
: |
Systomi |
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Genus |
: |
Puntius (Hamilton-Buchanan) |
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7 |
Puntius amphibious (Valenciennes) |
Scarlet-banded barb |
Gende |
|
8 |
Puntius fasciatus fasciatus (Day) |
Melon barb |
Pakke |
|
9 |
Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes) |
Black-spot barb |
Kijan |
|
10 |
Puntius sarana sarana (Hamilton-Buchanan) |
Olive Barb |
Gende |
|
11 |
Puntius ticto (Hamilton-Buchanan) |
Ticto Barb |
Bud-pakke |
|
Tribe |
: |
Semiplotini |
||
Genus |
: |
Osteochilichthys (Hora) |
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12 |
Osteochilichthys nashi (Day) |
Nash's Barb |
Ogari |
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Genus |
: |
Kantaka (Hora) |
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13 |
Kantaka brevidorsalis (Day) |
Kantaka Barb |
Konti |
|
Sub family |
: |
Oreininae |
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Genus |
: |
Garra (Hamilton – Buchanan) |
||
14 |
Garra gotyla stenorhynchus (Jerdon) |
Nilgiri's Garra |
Kallu Korava |
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Family |
: |
BALITORIDAE |
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Sub family |
: |
Nemacheilinae |
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Genus |
: |
Schistura (McClleland) |
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15 |
Schistura denisoni denisoni (Day) |
Nemacheilus |
Murangi |
|
Subfamily |
: |
Cobitinae |
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Genus |
: |
Lepidocephalus (Bleeker) |
||
16 |
Lepidocephalus thermalis (Valenciennes) |
Nemacheilus |
Murangi |
|
Order |
: |
Siluriformes |
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Family |
: |
SILURIDAE |
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Genus |
: |
Wallago Bleeker |
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17 |
Wallago attu (Schneider) |
Fresh water shark |
Balae |
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Sub order |
: |
Acanthopterygii |
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Series |
: |
Atherinomorpha |
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Order |
: |
Beloniformes |
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Suborder |
: |
Belonoidei |
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FAMILY |
: |
BELONIDAE |
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Genus |
: |
Strongylura Van Hasselt |
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18 |
Strongylura strongylura (Van Hasselt) |
Spot-tail needle fish |
Surali |
|
Genus |
: |
Xenontodon (Regan) |
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19 |
Xenontodon cancila (Hamilton-Buchanan |
Freshwater Gar fish |
Kokkare |
|
Family |
: |
HEMIRAMPHIDAE |
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Genus |
: |
Hyporhamphus (Gill) |
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20 |
Hyporhamphus limbatus (Valenciennes) |
Gaimard's Half-beak |
Surali |
|
Order |
: |
Cyprinodontiformes |
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Family |
: |
APLOCHEILIDAE |
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Subfamily |
: |
Aplocheilinae |
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Genus |
: |
Aplocheilus (Mc Clelland) |
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21 |
Aplocheilus lineatus (Valenciennes) |
Killi fish |
Moogumalli |
|
Order |
: |
Synbranchiformes |
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Suborder |
: |
Mastacembeloidei |
||
Family |
: |
MASTACEMBELIDAE |
||
Sub family |
: |
Mastacembelinae |
||
Genus |
: |
Mastacembelus (Scopoli) |
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22 |
Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) |
Spiny Eel |
Havu-meenu |
|
Order |
: |
Perciformes |
||
Suborder |
: |
Percoidei |
||
Family |
: |
CHANDIDAE (=AMBASSIDAE) |
||
Genus |
: |
Chanda (Hamilton-Buchanan) |
||
23 |
Chanda nama(Hamilton-Buchanan) |
|||
Genus |
: |
Parambassis (Bleeker) |
||
24 |
Parambassis ranga (Hamilton-Buchanan) |
Glass fish |
Bachinke |
|
Sub order |
: |
Gobioidei |
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Family |
: |
GOBIIDAE |
||
Sub family |
: |
Gobiinae |
||
Genus |
: |
Glossogobius (Gill) |
||
25 |
Glossogobius giuris giuris (Hamilton-Buchanan) |
Tank body |
Bhangi – Sidda |
|
Sub family |
: |
Gobionellinae |
||
Genus |
: |
Stigmatogobius (Bleeker) |
||
26 |
Stigmatogobius sadanundio (Hamilton-Buchanan) |
Gobius |
Koru |
|
Sub order |
: |
Anabantoidei |
||
Family |
: |
ANABANTIDAE |
||
Genus |
: |
Anabas (Cuvier) |
||
27 |
Anabas testudineus (Bloch) |
Climbing Perch |
Koru |
|
Sub order |
: |
Channoidei |
||
Family |
: |
CHANNIDAE |
||
Genus |
: |
Channa (Scopoli) |
||
28 |
Channa marulius (Hamilton-Buchanan) |
Gaint snake-head |
Avutu |
|
29 |
Channa orientalis (Schneider) |
Asiatic snaker head |
Mottu |
|
30 |
Channa straiatus (Bloch) |
Stripped snake head |
Kuchohu |
Vi AMPHIBIA | |
Phylum: Chordata | |
Class: Amphibia | |
Order: Salentia | |
Sub-Order: Phaneroglossa | |
Family: RANIDAE | |
Genus: Rana | |
1. Rana tigrina tigrina (Daudin) | |
2. Rana cynophlyctes ( Schneider) | |
Vii REPTILIA | |
Class: Reptilia | |
Order: Testudinata | |
Family: TRIONYCHIDAE | |
Genus: Lissemys | |
1. Lissemys punctata (Bennaterra) | |
2. Lissemys punctata granosa (Schoepff) | |
Order: Squamata | |
Family: COLUBRIDAE | |
Subfamily: Homalopsinae | |
Genus: Enhydris | |
1. Enhydris enhydris (Schneider) | |
Genus: Natrix | |
2. Natrix piscatar (Lannaeus) | |
viii AVES | |
Class: Aves (Birds) | |
Family: PHALACROCORACIDAE | |
Genus: Anhinga | |
1. Anhinga rufa melanogaster | |
ix AQUATIC MAMMALS | |
Class: Mammalia | |
Family: Lutrinae | |
1. Aonyx cinerea nirnai (Pocock) | |
2. Lutra perspicillata (Geoffrey) |
(b) Additionalinformation on species of significance:
Most common local name of the species (Language ) |
Bili meenu /Peruval |
Scientific name of the species |
Tor khudree (Sykes). |
Habitat favoured |
The habitat is favourable to fish life. Action should be taken to prevent deterioration of the Hotspot. |
Value to local community |
The fish, locally called “PERUVOLU MEENU” is considered as sacred. As such people neither won't catch and consume. |
Major uses / Ill-effects | Fish congregation provides scope to understand the aquatic life and biodiversity, and its importance for both young and old. The fish congregation shall provide pleasure, happiness and avenue for research activities. |
Value of global relevance (as rare, threatened or endangered) |
The Mahseer- Tor khudree a famous gamefish of India is considered as a threatened fish by the Zoological Survey of India / the National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resource of India. The conservation of the species is important both from the National and International point of view. |
(C) History of magnificant species / variety
Most common name of the species |
Mahseer |
Scientific name |
Tor khudree (Sykes) |
Most common local name of variety |
Peruvol / Bili meenu |
Existing management authority |
Department of Fisheries / Temple Trustees. |
Fish breeding season |
Post monsoon. |
Fishing methods (Types of nets used) |
Not applicable Since the area is considered as “No Fishing Zone” |
Current level of abundance |
Tor khudree is the dominant species. |
Trend in abundance in last 10-15 / 40-50 years |
No change |
Significant ecological processes influencing the species |
Nil |
Significant man-induced processes influencing the species |
Pouching, Dynamiting |
Reasons for the ongoing change |
Not being a protected area |
Gainers – Internal / External |
Tourists Pilgrims |
Loosers – Internal / External |
None |
Desired changes / desired future |
Total protection to river fauna of the habitat from dynamiting, poisoning and preventing entry of pesticides. |
Desired management system |
The committee consisting of fisheries , Forest Department, Trustees of the Gardigundi, Village Panchayat may be constituted to fore see the development and management of the area. |
Suggested component for a feasible management plan for the species |
The area from Garudigundi in Seethanadhi, one km both upstream and the downstream may be declared as sanctuary by the Department of Fisheries. When there are no pilgrims it is necessary to feed the fishes. Garudi gundi Trustee, may be provided required grants for this purpose. Watch and ward may also be arranged. |
MANAGEMENT |
Perspective of others |
Not recorded |
Perspectives of Investigators |
Efforts needed to conserve the sanctuary. 1) As breeding and recruitment of the species appears taking place, Importance should be given to protect them. Food and feeding habits of these fishes be studied and their natural food ensured during all stages of life. |
Desired and feasible pattern of management that should be promoted in the opinion of the investigators |
Protection of fishes against fishing and killing. Natural and prepared food be made available |
Suggested strategy for promoting this desired patterns of management and the communication needs for the purpose |
100 meters on the upper and lower stretch of the river from the cement platform be declared as “Sanctuary” under Indian Fisheries Act 1897 by the Department of Fisheries. The Department of Fisheries should prevent use of dynamite in the river Seethanadi. The riparian zone on either side of the river for a width of 10 meters from the highest flood level should be declared as reverine regulatory zone and preserved by the Forest Department. |
Cultural, religious, recreational, scenic, tourist significance of the Hotpsot |
The Heggade family of Thingale who are living in the village since 800 years earmarked about 1 acre of their land on the banks of Seethanadi and established the Brahmabaidarkala Daivasthana and Shivaraya Devasthana. The Heggade family is arranging regular worships here. The Heggades belongs to Bunt community and practices vegetarianism. His words are respected and obeyed in the area. He is the key person in the protection and development of the fishes of the sanctuary. The sacred fish Mahseer which is in abundance here, live in the nearby river pool called Garadigundi and have religious and cultural association with the place of workship and the local people. People who visit the garadi for worship or on fulfillment of their prayers, feed the fishes. Observing the fish congregation is also a matter of joy, pleasure and happiness to the young and old. |
Ecological evaluation of the Hotspot |
Thingale Hotspot is a very important fish habitat that has to be protected and conserved. |
Suggested follow-up investigations |
Investigations on Mahseer and its breeding grounds in the river along with feeding habits of young and adults are to be carried out . |
Any other suggested follow-up |
As in 6 – (d) |