	AQUATIC HOTSPOT Nisargadhama

	Setting \| Threats \| Knowledge Individuals \| Habitat \| Life Scape \| Management

Name of the Hotspot	Nisargadhama, River Cauvery,Kushal nagar, Coorg District.
Focal Species	Tor khudree (Sykes)
Coordinating team	Prof. Madhav Gadgil Centre for Ecological Sciences. IISc, Bangalore - 560 012.
Investigating team	S/Shri. H.N. Chandrashekharaiah,M.F. Rahman, Sham Bhatt Kolari and Dr. G.V. Kowtal
Dates of data collection	16,17,18-November, 2003
Process of data collection	Field visits and interviews
Source of information	Ecological status of the River Cauvery around Nisargadhama, Kushalnagar, Coorg. H.N. Chandrashekharaiah, S.L. Raghavan and M.F. Rahman Cauvery Nisargadhama-Dr. Ananda Rao and-A.N. Yellappa Reddy-Sri. Appaji, Forest Officer- Sri. Kenchappa, Kushalnagar-Sri. Ramu, Kushalnagar Sri. Ramaiah, Guddehosur.
Number of man-days consumed in data collection	15 man-days

Location	Nisargadhama, Kushalnagar, Coorg District (2 Km from Kushalnagar)
Area	25.3 ha - Nisargadhama Island River 0.5 Km in length and 75 mts in width. Fish Congregation spot, 2 km away on the high way from Kushalnagar.
Latitude / Longitude	Lat:12o35', Long : 75o-52'
Village / Town / Taluk / District	Kushal nagar / Kushalnagar/Kushalnagar/ Coorg.
Map	Enclosed
Mode of access (Distance from Railway station Bus station)	By road, 2 Km from Kushalnagar on Kushalnagar-Mercara road, No train connections.
Facilities to stay closest to the 'Hot-Spot'	There are cottages located in Nisargadhama Island just adjacent to fish congregating centre which are managed by Forest Department. They are named Lopamudhra, Kannike, Brahmagiri and Sujyoti. There is an Inspection Bungalow under the control of Public Works Department and also private hotel lodges at Kushalnagar.
Tariff (if any)	Forest lodges Rs. 600/-and Rs. 1200 to 500 per day to V.I.P room.
Controlling authorities for Cottages	Conservator of Forest or Deputy Conservator of Forest -Madikere (Coorg).
For Inspection Bungalow	Asst. Executive Engineer Public Works Department, Kushalnagar.
Classes of Landscape	Forest zone surrounding the river exposed rocks along the river course. There are some pools which are 2 to 3 mts deep. There is continuous flow of water through out the year.
Water body	River Cauvery.
Human Population	Nil - Except visitors / tourists.
Presence of ST's or Nomadic	Not applicable tribes population
Livestock	Not applicable
Irrigation status and major crops	Not applicable
Significant forest produce	It is a protected area. Green leaves and firewood
Quantities recorded at the Range or Divisional Forest Offices	NIL
Cooperative Societies and their transactions	Nil
Significant freshwater fish production	Nil, since the 'Hot-spot' has been considered to be fish protection centre.
Disposal of fishing rights (Leasing / Auctioning / Licences)	None, since the 'Hot-spot' has been considered as a prohibited area, as such, no fishing activity.
Significant estuarine/marine fish / shell fish productions	Nil
Number and type of fishing crafts	Nil
Nearest fish landing centre	Not applicable.
Availability of fish processing facilities	Not applicable
Mining and quarrying activities	None
Source and extent of air and water pollution	Likely, some air pollution on account of the vehicular movements. There is no water pollution.
Prevalence of human diseases	No recorded instances
Prevalence of livestock diseases	No recorded instances
Educational Institutions	Nil at Nisargadhama; but at Kushalnagar, pre-primary-2,primary-2, Higher primary-1, Pre-university-1, Degree-1, Polytechnic-1.
Cooperative Society	Nil
Youth Clubs	Nil
Ladies clubs	Nil
Active NGOs	Nil

	Name of Individual / Institutional Agencies	Activity with a positive influence on core area	Activity with a negative influence on core area
Local Individuals	-	-	-
Local Institutions	-	-	-
Government Agencies	Dept of Forest	Developed the area as a tourist center.	Nil

*Name / Designation*	*Age*	*Sex*	*Community*
Asst Director of Fisheries. Forest Officials
Kenchappa	30	Male	Fisherman, Kushalnagar
Ramu	45	Male	Fisherman, Kushalnagar
Ramaiah	35	Male	Guddehosur

a)	Preparation of sketch map of the landscape	Enclosed
b)	Description of Habitat type
1.	Habitat type	Riverine environment- Cauvery river
2.	Local name (if any)	Nisargadhama
3.	Approximate total area (ha)	0.5 km river stretch having a width of 75 mts
4.	Special significance of the habitat type (if any)	River course encircles the Nisargadhama island. It is surrounded by forest. During mansoon, the river shall be in flooded condition but during the summer months, the river will have reduced flow of water. There are some pools located in the river stretch.
5.	Management regimes	Forest Department is managing the area.
6.	Goods and services provided by the habitat	Provide scope for breeding of fishes. Surrounding area is protected. Conservation of fish is maintained.
7.	Bads and disservices provided by the habitat	Nil
8.	Significant ecological processes influenced by the habitat type	Since Forest Department is managing the river and the island, poaching, poisoning, etc are prevented.
9.	Significant man- induced processes influenced by the habitat	The Forest Department has developed the island and constructed cottages for visitors to stay and also provided recreational facilities like deer park, elephant ride, boating, etc. There is also a canteen to cater to the needs of the visitors.
10.	Interacting individuals and institutions (Local)	Forest Department, Kushalnagar and Mercara.
11.	Activities	Nil
12.	Interacting individuals and Institutions (External)	Society for Advancement of Aqua- culture, Ice Factory, Building, Cubbon park, K.R Circle, Bangalore-560001, and Karnataka Association- for Advancement of Science, Central College, Bangalore-560 009.
13.	Activities	These two institutions have taken up studies on aquatic life of river Cauvery around Nisargadhama and establishment of an Orchidarium respectively.
c)	History of important habitat patches over 10-15 / 40-50 years
1)	Type and name of the habitat patch	The developmental activities are undertaken for the last 13 years Developed forest, established Orchidarium, island is fenced, boating, Safari deer park, canteen are established. Hanging bridge is erected.
2)	Change in
i)	Area	25.3 ha (No change)
ii)	Vegetation strata	Forest area
3)	Aquatic habitat change in
i)	Catchment area	Nil
ii)	Aquatic fauna	The Mahseer fishes are habituated to congregate near the hanging bridge
iii)	Aquatic flora	Crinum viviparum
4)	Significant ecological processes Influencing the habitat patch	Nil
5)	Significant man-induced processes influencing the habitat patch	Cottages are built, deer park, elephant ride, boating, canteen have been organisaed without disturbing the habitat.
6)	Productivity of Goods and services	Provided scope for recreation
7)	Extent of Bads and Disservices	Nil
8)	Reasons for ongoing changes	Since it is an island, Forest Department has developed it as a tourist centre and it is attracting large number of tourists.
9)	Gainers	Public
10)	Losers	Nil
11)	Desired changes / Desired future	The fishes are found congregated near the hanging bridge. Only tourists who visits feed the fishes, but when there are no tourists, fishes have to sustain on the available natural food.
12)	Desired management system	Fishing should be totally prohibited in consultation with the Department of Fisheries as fishery rights vests with it only.
13)	Suggested component for a feasible management plan for that habitat patch	A strech of ½ km of river near the hanging bridge has developed as a fish congregation spot. It should be protected. Feeding of fishes should be arranged daily for their sustenance.

i)PLANKTON
Phytoplankton
	Myxophyceae: Oscillatoria
	Cholorphyceae: Oedogonium, Spirogyra, Zygnema, Merismopedia, Ulothrix.
	Bacillariophyceae: Synedra, Fragillaria, Surierella, Cosmarium.
ZOOPLANKTON
	Prtozon: Epistylis
	Copepoda: Cyclops
	Rotifera: Keratella
	Cladocera: Daphnia,Diaphnosoma.
	MISCELLANEOUS: Insect remains, Nematode
ii) BENTHOS
a) Insects
	Order: Odonata
	Suborder: Anisoptera
	Family: LIBELLULIDAE
	1. Urothemis signata (Rambur)
	Order: Hemiptera
	Family: GERRIDAE
	2. Gerris spinolae Leth. & Sev.
	Family: NEPIDAE
	3. Laccotrephes maculatus Fabricius
	Family: CORIXIDAE
	4. Micronecta merope Dist.
b) MOLLUSCS
	Class: Gastropoda
	Subclass: Prosobranchia
	Order: Mesogastropoda
	Family: VIVIPARIDAE
	Subfamily: Bellamyinae
	Genus: Bellamya Jousseame
	1. Bellamya bengalensis (Lamarck)
	Family: THIARIDAE
	Sub family: Thiarinae s. str.
	Genus: Thiara Roding
	Subgenus: Melanoides Olivier
	2. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata (Muller)
	Subfamily: Melanatrinae
	Genus: Sulcospira Troschel
	3. Sulcospira hugely (Philippi)
	Class: Bivalvia
	Order: Unionida
	Family: UNIONIDAE
	Subfamily: Unioninae
	Genus: Lamellidens Simpson
	4. Lamellidens corianus Lea
	5. Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck)
	Family: AMBLEMIDAE
	Subfamily: Parreysiinae
	Genus: Scabies Hass
	6. Scabies crispata (Gould)
	Family: CORBICULIDAE
	Genus: Corbicula Megerle von Muehlfeld
	7. Corbicula striatella Deshayes
iii)AQUATIC WEEDS	Crinum viviparum

iv) FISH SPECIES		Scientific name	Common English name	Kannada name
Order	-	Osteoglossiformes
Suborder	-	Notopteroidei
Family	-	NOTOPERIDAE
Genus	-	Notopterus Lacepeds
	1	Notopterus notopterus	(Pallas) Gray feather back	Chappali
Order	-	Cypriniformes
Family	-	Cyprinidae
Subfamily	-	Danioninae (=Rasborinae)
Tribe	-	Oxygasterini
Genus	-	Salmostoma Swainson
	2	Salmostoma acinaces (Valencienmes)	Silver razor -belly minnow	Sampaj
	3	Salmostoma clupeoides (Bloch)	Black razor belly minnow	Orali
	4	Salmostoma horai (Silas)	Hora razar-belly minnow	Chalake
	5	Salmostoma untrachi (Day)	Mahanadi razor belly minnow	Chalake
Tribe	-	Danionini
Genus	-	Esomus Swainson
	6	Esomus danricus (Hamilton-Buchanan)	Flying barb	Meese pakke
Genus	-	Danio Hamilton - Buchanan
	7	Danio aequipinnatus (Mc Clelland)	Giant Danio	Arshina patte
Genus	-	Rasbora Bleeker
	8	Rasbora caverii (Jerdon)	Scissor-tail Rasbora	Saslu
	9	Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton-Buchanan)	Black -line Rasbora	Midun
Subfamily	-	Cyprininae
Tribe	-	Cyprinini
Sub tribe	-	Cyprini
Genus	-	Cyprinus Linnaeus
	10	Cyprinus carpio communis (Linnaeus)	Common carp	Samanya Gende
Subtribe	-	Tores
Genus	-	Tor Gray
	11	Tor khudree (Sykes)	Deccan Mahseer	Bili - meenu
	12	Tor mussullah (Sykes)	High-backed Mahseer	Bili - meenu
Genus	-	Neolissochilus Rainboth
	13	Neolissochilus hexagonolepis (McClelland)	Katli Mahseer	Bili - meenu

Tribe	-	Systomini
Sub tribe	-	Systomi
Genus	-	Puntius Hamilton - Buchanan
	14	Puntius arulius arulius (Jerdon)	Long fin barb	Kempu puthri
	15	Puntius carnaticus (Jerdon)	Carnatic carp	Machalu
	16	Puntius cauveriensis (Hora)	Cauvery barb	Cauvery gende
	17	Puntius conchonius (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Rosy barb	Pakke
	18	Puntius dorsalis (Jerdon)	Long snout barb	Mooti gende
	19	Puntius fasciatus fasciatus (Day)	Melon barb	Pakke
	20	Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes)	Black spot barb	Kijan
	21	Puntius melanostigma (Day)	Wynaad barb	Pakke
	22	Puntius narayani (Hora)	Narayan Barb	Narayani pakke
	23	Puntius sarana sarana (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Olive barb	Gende
	24	Puntius sophore ( Hamilton - Buchanan)	Spot -fin swampy barb	Bud pakke
	25	Puntius ticto (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Ticto barb	Bud pakke
Genus	-	Gonoproktopterus Bleeker
	26	Gonoproktopterus dubius (Day)	Niligir carp	Koorlu menu
	27	Gonoproktopterus micropogon micropogon (Valenciennes)	Korhi barb	Chitte koorlu
Tribe	-	Labeonini
Subtribe	-	Labeones
Genus		Cirrhinus Oken
	28	Cirrhinus cirrhosa (Bloch)	Cauvery carp	Arja
	29	Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Reba	Arja
Genus	-	Catla Valenciennes
	30	Catla catla (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Catla	Catla
Genus		Labeo Cuvier
	31	Labeo ariza (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Ariza	Panjali
	32	Labeo bata (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Bata	Bata
	33	Labeo boggut (Sykes)	Boggut	Gubali
	34	Labeo calbasu (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Calbasu	Kage
	35	Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch)	Fimbriatus	Kem-meenu
	36	Labeo kontius (Jerdon)	Pig-mouth carp	Moogi halala
	37	Labeo rohita (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Rohu	Rohu
Subfamily	-	Oreininae (=Schizothoracinae)
Genus	-	Garra Hamilton - Buchanan
	38	Garra gotyla stenorhynchus (Jerdon)	Nilgiris's Garra	Kallu korava
	39	Garra mcClellandi (Jerdon)	Cauvery Garra	Kallu Korava
Family	-	BALITORIDAE
Subfamily	-	Nemacheilinae
Genus	-	Schistura Mc Clelland
	40	Schistura denisoni denisoni (day)	Namacheilus	Murangi
	41	Schistura semiarmatus (Day)	Nemacheilus	Murgani
Genus		Mesonemacheilus Banarasu and Nalbant
	42	Mesonemacheilus pulchellus (Day)	Namacheilus	Murangi
Order	-	Siluriformes
Family	-	BAGRIDAE
Subfamily	-	Bagrinae
Genus	-	Mystus Scopoli
	43	Mystus cavasius (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Gangetic Mystus	Girlu
	44	Mystus malabaricus (Jerdon)	Jerdon's Mystus	Girlu
	45	Mystus punctatus (Jerdon)	Nilgiri Mystus	Kattalu
	46	Mystus vittatus (Bloch)	Stripped dwarf - catfish	Girlu
Family	-	SILURIDAE
Genus	-	Ompok Laccpede
	47	Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch)	Butterfish	Godle
Genus	-	Wallago Bleeker
	48	Wallago attu (Schneider)	Freshwater Shark	Bale
Family	-	SCHILBEIDAE
Subfamily	-	Schilbeinae
Genus	-	Silonia Swainson
	49	Silonia childreni (Sykes)	White catfish	Bili-halathi
Family	-	PANGASIDAE
Genus	-	Pangasius valenciennes
	50	Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Pangas	Iykalthi
Family	-	SISORIDAE
Genus	-	Bagarius Bleeker
	51	Bagarius yarrelli Sykes	Goonch	Kuldi
Family	-	CLARIIDAE
Genus	-	Clarias Scopoli
	52	Clarias batrachus Linnaeus	Magur	Ane meenu
Family	-	HETEROPNEUSTIDAE
Genus	-	Heteropneustes Muller
	53	Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)	Singhi	Chelu meenu
Order	-	Mugiliformes
Family	-	MUGILIDAE
Genus	-	Rhinomugil Gill
	54	Rhinomugil corsula (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Corsula mullet	Natti kannu
Order	-	Beloniformes
Sub order	-	Adrianichthyoidei
Family	-	ADRIANICHTHYIDAE
Subfamily	-	Horaichthyinae
Genus	-	Horaichthys Kulkarni
	55	Horaichthys setnai Kulkarni	Thready top minnow	Solle menu
Order	-	Cyprinodontiformes
Family	-	APLOCHEILIDAE
Subfamily	-	Aplocheilinae
Genus	-	Aplocheilus Mc Clelland
	56	Aplocheilus lineatus (Valenciennes )	Killi fish	Moogu malli
Order	-	Synbranchiformes
Suborder	-	MASTACEMBELOIDEI
Family	-	Mastacembelidae
Subfamily	-	Mastacembelinae
Genus	-	Macrognathus Lacepede
	57	Macrognathus aral (Bloch & Schneider)	Spiny Eel	Havu Meenu
Genus	-	Mastacembelus Scopoli
	58	Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede)	Spiny Eel	Havu Meenu
Order	-	Perciformes
Suborder	-	Percoidei
Family	-	CHANDIDAE (= AMBASSIDAE)
Genus	-	Chanda (Hamilton - Buchanan)
	59	Chanda nama (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Elongate Glass perchlet	Bachinke
Genus	-	Parambassis Bleeker
	60	Parambassis ranga (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Glass fish	bachinke
Suborder	-	Labroidei
Family	-	CICHLIDAE
Genus	-	Oreochromis Gunther
	61	Oreochromis mossambica (Peters)	Tilapia	Tilapia
Suborder	-	Gobioidei
Family	-	GOBIIDAE
Subfamily	-	Gobiinae
Genus	-	Glossogobius Gill
	62	Glossogobius giuris giuris(Hamilton Buchanam)	Tank goby	Bhangi sidda
Suborder	-	Anabantoidei
Family	-	ANABANTIDAE
Genus	-	Anabs Cuvier
	63	Anabas testudineus (Bloch)	Climbing Perch	Koru meenu
Suborder	-	Channoidei
Family	-	CHANNIDAE
Genus	-	Channa Scopoli
	64	Channa marulius (Hamilton - Buchanan)	Giant snake-head	Avulu
	65	Channa punctatus (Bloch)	Spotted snake- head	Korava
	66	Channa straitus (Bloch)	Stripped snake- head	Kuchuchu

v CRUSTACEA
	Class: Crustacea
	Sub class: Malacostraca
	Order: Decapode
	Family: Potamonidae
	1. Paratelphusa spp.
vi AMPHIBIA
	Phylum: Chordata
	Class: Amphibia
	Order: Salentia
	Suborder: Phaneroglossa
	Family: RANIDAE
	1. Rana cynophlyctes Schneider
vii REPTILIA
	Order: Testudinata
	Family: TRIONYCHIDAE
	1. Lissemys punctata granosa (Schoepff)
	Order: Squamata
	Family: COLUBRIDAE
	Subfamily: Homalopsinae Natrix piscator (Linnaeus)
viii AVES
	Family: PHALACROCORACIDAE
	1. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
	2. Anhinga rufa
	Family: ARDEIDAE
	3. Ardeola grayii
	4. Ardea alba
ix Aquatic Mammals
	Family: LUTRINAE
	1. Aonyx cinerea nirnai (Pocock).

1. Most common local name of the species language	Furnished
2. Scientific name of the species	Furnished.
3. Habitat favoured	Fluviatile conditions
4. Value to local community	Fishes when multiply, they are likely to migrate both upstream and down stream. Some of these are likely to be caught by fishermen.
5. Major uses / ill effects	Nil
6. Value of global relevance (as, rare, threatened or endangered)	Tor khudree is a famous game fish and it has reached a threatened state. In addition, the fishes listed above are on decline. Therefore every effort should be taken to protect them.

1. Most common name of the species	Indicated
2. Scientific name	Indicated
3. Most common local name of variety	Indicated
4. Existing Management Authority	Department of Forest
5. Fish breading season	June- July, August- December
6. Fishing methods (Types of nets used)	Fishing prohibited
7. Current level of abundance	Moderate
8. Trend in abundance in last 10-15 / 40-50 years	In early 50s, the fishery was rich and thereafter, indicated gradual declining trend upto 90s. Now, for the last 10-13 years, the population is slightly improved.
9. Significant ecological processes influencing the species/ varieties	The Forest Department is protecting the area.
10. Significant man- induced processes influencing the species / variety	The Forest Department is protecting the area and prevent poaching. Population wise Tor khudree is showing marked improvement.
11. Reasons for the on going change	The area is developed as a tourist centre, and there is significant change in the habitat.
12. Gainers internal / external	Habitat, Tourists and Aquatic life.
13. Losers internal / external	Nil
14. Desired changes / Desired future	ishing should be totally banned in the area by declaring it as a "Sanctuary. Regular feeding should be organized, This will act as a insitu conservation for Mahseer fish species.
15. Desired management system	A committee may be constituted represented by concerned Department to foresee the development and management of the fish congregation center.
16. Suggested component for a feasible management plan for the species/variety	Because the feeding of fishes was initiated during 1990-91, the congregation of fishes developed near the hanging bridge. Now the tourist feed these fishes to some extent. But when there are no tourist fishes have to subsist on the natural food available. Some of the threatened species are in inhabiting in this area. It is not declared as a fish sanctuary to prevent poaching, poisoning, dynamiting etc.,. However, Forest department is protecting the area to some extent. In consultation with the Department of Fisheries, feeding of fishes may be organized besides declaring it as a 'Fish sanctuary' including the river surrounding the Nisargadhama area. Periodical survey of fish fauna may be conducted for ascertaining the species available.

a) Perspective of others
1. Desired response options of different members of local or outside (communities / institutions / Government agencies / industrial or mining undertaking etc., to be recorded)	he Forest Department has taken interest in developing the island as a tourist centre. The river surrounding is also to some extent preventing poaching etc. The constant feeding of fishes near the hanging bridge, the fish species specially "Mahseer are found in large numbers.
2. Significance of management issues and response options	The Department of Fisheries in collaboration with Forest Department may declare the entire river stretch surrounding the island as 'Sanctuary', provide additional protection, organize feeding, thus contribute for the rehabilitation of threatened fish species.
3. Management issues pertaining to
a) Habitat and / or	As in 6 (2) above
b) Species / Variety	As in 6 (2) above
4. Customary / Administrative	A Committee represented by the Officers of the Forest, Fisheries and Tourism may be constituted to foresee the development of fisheries.
5. Since how long the arrangements have been in practice	The proposal as at 6 (4) above may be put into practice.
6. Changes, if any, in management pattern over last 10-15 / 40-50 years	Now no licences are issued for fishing. Fishery, to some extent, is protected.
7. Desired changes / desired future	The area may be declared as a fish sanctuary. Feeding of fishes may be undertaken.
8. Desired management system	As in 6 (4) above
b) Perspective of Investigators	There are about 15 threatened species encountered in the area. These species are required to be protected. There is one Mahseer hatchery at Harangi which is presently not undertaking the breeding of Mahseer. The species found in Nisargadhama Cauvery may be collected and raised in the farm and bred and young ones produced may be transplanted in the Nisargadhama area.
c) Desired and feasible pattern of management that should be promoted in the opinion of the investigators.
i) Declaring it as Sanctuary.
ii) Organise daily feeding of fishes.
iii) Collect juveniles of threatened species and raise them in the fish farm and later breed them so as to rehabilitate the species in the river Cauvery.
iv) A committee may be constituted to foresee the developmental activities.
d) Suggested strategy for promoting this desired patterns of management and the communication needs for the purpose	As in 6 (c) above
e) Cultural, religious, recreational, scenic, tourist significance of the Hotspot	It is an important tourist centre as it is located in Coorg District. Facilities for tourists are existing like boating, safari, lodges, orchidarium etc., Cost of cottages - General Rs. 600/-, VIP Rs. 1500/- and Rs. 850/-
f) Ecological evaluation of the Hotspot	Evaluation of flora and fauna of the area may be periodically undertaken to asses their status.
g) Suggested follow-up investigations	Some of the threatened species of fishes found in river Cauvery around Nisargadhama may be protected by declaring the area as a 'Fish Sanctuary'. The selected species may be collected and raised in the near by fish farm and the young ones produced may be transplanted and investigations may be undertaken to assess their performance.
h) Suggested follow-up investigation	As in 6 (g) above.