Theme: 1. Ecosystem Conservation Paper 1 | Paper 2
   
Ecological Scenario of Kodachadri, Karnataka , India
 
 
1. Abstract  
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The Kodachandri is one of the highest mountains peaks of Shimoga district. The Study covers 15 Km radius from the temple complex which is located almost at the top of the mountain. The area harbour different types of vegetation which is classified into wet evergreen forest, semi evergreen forest, shoal forest and the grass lands. The shola forests and the grasslands which are situated at the top of the mountain are least effected and the wet evergreen and the semi evergreen forest which are found at the foot hills of the mountain have been damaged by human interferences. The flora has been grouped into medicinal plants, timber yielding plants, gum and resin yielding plants and bee flora. The fauna includes lion tailed macaque which is ( Macaca silenus ), an endangered primate. The impact of construction of roads, buildings and temple complexes, introduction of exotic species, encroachment of vegetation and tourism have been discussed. The conservation methods to be taken as been briefed.

Key words : Bee flora, conservation, endangered, gum and resins, medicinal plants, vegetation, tourism.

2. Introduction

 

Rising above the general level of Western ghats and forming the source of few rivers and many tributaries, the Kodachadri hill is one of the several high altitude hills of the Sahyadrian riange. Clothed with a mantle of evergreen forest, the hill occupies the pride of a place among the hill ranges of the Western ghats in Karnataka. From its commanding height, Kodachadri overlooks the districts of Dakshina Kannada, Shimoga and the Arabean Sea which is barely about 20 Km. away.

The distinctive ecological characters of the place rests on such attributes as a significant height (1343 mts) a heavy rainfall, a thick forest cover and a red or reddish brown loamy soil. This place is a tourist paradise with its salubrious climate and scenic on its function as a treckers spot and pilgrimage center, and attracts tourists from Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, Kodachadri is situated at a distance of about 125 km. from Shimoga and about 140 km from mangalore.

The area along with its surrounding region is named after a medicinal plant “Kutacha” (Holarrhena antidysenterica) for which the area is well known.

The present study entitled “Ecological Scenario of Kodachadri” is taken to know the present status of Kodachandri and its surrounding areas, the different types of vegetation, their characteristic features and their importance, plant resources of Kodachandri, Fauna of Kodachandri and the impact of developmental activities on Kodachandri and its surroundings.

3. Study Area and Methodology

 

Location :

Kodachandri is in 14”8' north latitude and 75”8' east longitude, much of it lying over 3000 feet and covered by forests and surrounded by agricultural lands from almost all sides. The boundary between Shimoga and Dakshina Kannada district passes through Kodachandri.

Description of the Area :

Kodachadri is a hamlet of Kattinahole village (Taluk: Hosanagara) which is situated at a distance of about forty six km west of Hosanagara town and about hundred fifteen km west of Shimoga City. Kodachandri which is a conspicuous land mark, forms the boundary between the Kundapur Taluk of Dakshina Kannada district and Hosanagara taluk of Shimoga district. The height of the peak is 1343 m above the mean sea level, and more than six hundred ten meter above the level of the villagtes below. The mountain is clothed with splendid evergreen forests. The top of the peak commands a panoramic view of the Western Ghats and Dakshina Kannada district. The first portion of the hill is very steep and diffiult to ascent. Above this is a temple of Huli Deva whose image is made of stone and it has 32 arms. The top of the hill is a narrow ridge and is in some places only about 3.66 m with precipice on either side.

On the west, the hill descends almost perpendicularly for about 1,220 mtr. And Dakshina Kannada forests spread out below. The sea appears quite close, and on clear days the ships can be seen with the naked eye. The bays and the Kundap[ ur town lie opposite. There is a thick forest in the foothill region called “Ambavana”. It is said that many rare medicinal herbs are available here. There are two shrines below the peak dedicated to Kala Bhairava and Parvatedeeshwara, in between there is a tank. The place has a Government Bungalow.

At the summit of the Kodachandri mountain meet the two boundaries of Shimoga and Dakshina Kannada district. There are two peaks in Kodachandri (1) Venkatayyanagiri and (2) Sarvajna Peetha. Sarvajna Peeta. At the top of the hill, near to Vigneshwara and Parvatadeeshwara temple, there is one small pond.

Ecology, developmental activities floral and faunal diversity and impact assessment were made personnel visits and observations. The detail methodology is given by Srirama Bhat (1994-95).

The Honey bee verities which are found in around Kodachandri and the plants which provide nectar and pollen grains were studied by Syed Tabraz Basha, (1996). The plants which provide timbers and the distribution were studied by Sharanappa (1996). The Gum and Resin Yielding Plants of Kodachandri were studied by Ganapathi (1996)

4. Observations

 

Observation are described below :

Vegetation:

Variation in the Vegetation types can be clearly observed in the Kodachadri region. The four main types of vegetation that can be observed in this region are: semi evergreen forests, wet evergreen forests, Shola forests and Grass lands.

Semi evergreen forests:

These are observed in the foot hills of Kodachadri hills. Generally these types of forests observed in those areas, where rainfall is above 200 cm per year. Here the deciduous species are intermixed with evergreen species. Hence the name semi evergreen. Some common trees are Albizzia, Acacia, Vateria, Shorea, Terminalia, Machilus etc.,

Wet evergreen forests:

These are observed in the foot hills and in the proper hill region. These forests are generally observed in those regions where rainfall exceeds 250 cm per year. Tropical wet evergreen forests are climatic climax forests with dense growth of trees which are more than forty five mtr. high, vegetation is very rich and diversified. The shrubs, lianas, climbers and epiphytes are abundant. The grasses and herbs are very rare because the dense leaf canopy does not allow enough light penetration to the ground level. Dipterocarpus is common in these areas. In Kodachadri region stratification is not so clear. Climbers and woody lianas are present and are conspicuous. Bamboos are present. Plams, canes and other climbers are forming tangled masses in the undergrowth. Cane breaks replace high forests along streams. The trees have smooth bark and plank buttresses. Leaves are fleshy, glossy, thick, stout with thick leaf sheath and wrinkles to overcome, the mechanical force of rain. Leaves are showing characteristic pink and white colour when they are young. Trees are closely arranged to check the collision. Epiphytes are abundant. Some of the important flora of the region include Vateria, Hopea, Shorea, Cinnamomum, Mimosops, Machilus, Calophyllum, phoenix, and Orchids. In some portions of the forest, extensive growth of palms are observed.

Shola forests:

These are observed in Kodachadri hill and its adjoining hill ranges, where the unique ecological conditions for the growth of shoals prevails. There shoals and grasslands are in a state of dynamic equilibrium. This is a case of two climax vegetation type that co-exist in a delicate equilibrium. The term shoal is derived from similar sounding Tamil name for these forests. Classically they are defined as stunted montane forests. Stuntedness is characteristic of shoal. The height of the canopy tree rarely exceeds 15-20 metres. The shoals occur at folds of the converging slopes, in sheltered sites such as ridges, hallows and depressions, where moisture is higher. Their occurrence is shaped by the presence of adequate moisture and protection from winds. Sholas are basically rainforest. The shoals have 2-3 layers of woody strata rich in epiphytes, mosses, orchids and ferns. Though not well defined, there is a second starum with trees of 7-12 m height and a shrubby stratum with the dense and profusely branched plants. Leaves are generally small and coriaceous. Ecologists are of the opinion that shoals are slow growing and it may take tens of thousands of years for a shoal to assume its best complete shape. The timber value of shoal trees are poor (Frontline, 1994).

Sholas are ecologically rich and in fact are one whole complex ecosystem. Damage to one part effects the other portions. The canopy is dense, with direct sunlight never penetration inside. The sum total of biomass inside a shoal is one of the best organised, from the point of optimal utilization of energy, soil nutrients, moisture, symbiosis and even microclimatic manipulations and gaseous exchanges. One other strange feature is that forests never occurs inside the shoals, though these are in some of the most frost prone areas like ridges and ravines. This is because of their specialised microlimatic and hygromorphic features.

The miracle of shoals for which man has to be grateful is their water conservation properties and their natural function of giving rise to springs which are the basis for streams and rivers. It is from the hydrological point of view that shoals came to assume a unique place. In fact all the rhetoric on the need to protect shoals can be cut down to one “Sholas means Water”. When precise definitions of shoals become difficult they say shoals as a rule must be surrounded by naturally occurring grasslands. In Kodachadri area also shoal forests are surrounded by grasslands.

The climatic conditions essential for the establishment and survival of the Shola forests are rainfall – 1000-1500 mm per year, average dry season of maximum one month and Mean temperature of the coldest month may reach 10 0 C. The climatic condition of Kodachadri are more or less in the above mentioned range.

Grass lands:

Grasslands are dispersed here and there. These are found on flat plains. Top areas of Venkatayyanagiri are covered with grasslands. Kodachadri hill and an adjoining hill is connected by a ridge, which is also covered by grasses.

Floral landscape of Kodachadri:

As already mentioned, we come across with semi evergreen and wet evergreen forests in Kodachaeri along with Shola forests and grasslands. As in all other ever green forests here also the floral diversity and density are very high. The floral diversity of Kodachadri is attributed to its height, has the effect of not only lowering the temperature, but also indirectly reducing the amount of evapotranspiration. Heavy or very heavy rainfall ensures greater availability of moisture for a longer duration as a result of moisture storage in the soil.

In the given limited time, it was impossible to study the entire flora of the region. Therefore only some important trees are identified, classified and listed (Table No. 1 to 5). This includes economically important trees also. As in other evergreen forests here also Dipterocarpaceae members are more in number.

Fauna of Kodachadri:

Kodachadri forest is a sweet home for diversified species of animals, which includes even some endangered species. This region includes hilly terrains, valleys and level areas. Hilly terrains and valleys provides full protection for these animals. At present the poaching activities are very negligible. As far as forest department is concerned they listed only some important animals. The detailed survey reports are not available. Local people witnessed some more animals which are left in the department list. The list of some of these animals is given (Table 6).

GSI Survey:

Several decades ago the Geological Survey of India, conducted a survey, to identify the mineral resources of Kodachadri area. They identified some Iron ore in this region, but the percentage of iron in this ore is very less. Therefore they dropped the idea of mining.

Developmental activities

International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)

Activity:

ISKCON is constructing a temple complex at the foot hills of Kodachadri, near Karekatte, (4 km from Nagara Kollor state highway) for the purpose they are utilising around hundred acres of land in the middle of the thick forest.

•  Building constructions:

Half way between the hill, some building construction activities are going on. Karnataka Government is building one Traveller's bungalow in Kodachadri. Two families residing in Kodacahdri hill, are also involved in some construction activities like extension of house and temple.

•  Chakra diversion dam:

It's 8 km away from Kodachadri, on the way to Kodachadri from Nitoor. Here a small dam is constructed across the channel, which carries water from Chakra reservoir to Linganamakki reservoir. Channel passes through underground in some places.

Plantations:

Mysore Paper Mill has undertaken plantations in some places. They are surveying and planning for plantation in some other places also. The main plant, planted here is Acacia. Physico – Chemical characters of the water of temple pond of Kodachadri:

The water sample of the temple tank was collected on 27 th February 1995 and analysed. The results are given in table No. 6.

5. Discussions

 

Vegetation: Semi evergreen forests:

In the Semi evergreen forests of foothills encroachment activity has been observed, local people are cleaning, the forests and growing arecanut especially in and around natural water bodies. Thus reducing and destroying the natural habitat and corridors for our wild animals.

Wet evergreen forest:

These are mainly effected by the construction activities and road widening and repairing. ISKCON complex is coming up in the middle of these forests. Even though they are not destroyed forests, as this temple complex is coming up in the middle of these evergreen forests, it will interfere with the movement of animals and their activity, seed dispersal, pollination ect., Thus these activities will imbalance the intricate balance of the ecosystem. Along with these complex there is one road connection the complex with main road, which also passes through this forest.

Grasslands:

In grasslands, MPM (Mysore Paper Mills) is undertaking the plantation work, that is also of monoculture type. Grasslands are considered as one of the important ecological components. These are acting as both controllers and promoters of forest fires. Recent studies are revealing that forest fires are important factors in regulating the ecosystem balance. If these grasslands are converted into plantations, the ecosystem balance will be altered, which may result in ecological alterations.

Grasslands are of immense importance to shoals. They are intricately interwoven. Thus conversion of grasslands into plantation will effect this climax vegetation type of shoal, that co-exist in a delicate equilibrium.

These grassland are supporting large number of herbivores like buffaloes sambhars etc., If these grasslands are altered, herbivores will be severely effected, which caused imbalance in food chain.

Sholas:

As far as shoal is considered, no destruction has been taken place, till date. So this can be considered as one of the best preserved shoals of our country. In other places like Nilgiri hills of Tamilnadu, shoals have been destroyed and tea plants have been grown and still they are continuing the same practice. In Kodachadri no such practices have been observed. Thus they are well preserved.

Plant Wealth:

In Kodachadri area evergreen forests are observed. Evergreen forests are not so valuable as deciduous forests, economically. Some of the economically important species are gulmavu, mavu, hebbalsu, halasu, kai doopa, ramapatre, bamboo, holegara etc., During the year 1960-67, some Bamboo were removed by the forest department.

Kodachadri hill is well known for its medicinal plants. Ayurveda pandiths from various parts of the country are visiting t6his area, several times in a year, for the collection of these medicinal plants.

FAUNA:

Kodachadri forests are rich in their faunal diversity. As this area is known for their geographical variation like level areas to mountains areas with ridges and furrows, valleys open spaces etc., various types of animals are living here Different types of vegetation like evergreen forests, shoals and grasslands are also influencing diversity of fauna. Some endangered and threatened animals like lion tailed macaque, tiger, indian giant squirrel, civet cat, bison, sloth bear, king cobra, python etc., are observed. The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) reported two troupes of lion tailed macaque, an endangered primate, from this forest. They also reported that, macaques are disturbed by the ISKCON activities, as macaques are inhabiting this area.

These forests are well known for their faunal diversity and richness since time immemorial. In “sthala puranas” of Kolloor this is mentioned. (Rama Rao K.S.)

Economical importance of plants of Kodachadri:

To evaluate the economical importance of forests of Kodachadri an attempt has been made to identify and list the medicinally important plants, Gum and Resin Yielding plants and Timber yielding plants. The list of which is presented in Table 1 to 4 respectively.

These above mentioned factors are just a foundation stone for the further economical study of the area. As far as medicinal importance is concerned only traditional practitioners (Ayurveda Pandits) are collecting medicinal plants. Therefore it cannot be considered as an economical exploitation.

Regarding timber yielding plants, the listed species of this area are common to the entire evergreen belt of Western Ghats . They are in economically expoitable proportions. Forest department also identified, listed and counted some important economically exploitable trees. But because jof transportation problems and unsuitable surface features, exploitation is difficult.

Gum and resin yielding plants are also present here. Extraction of gum and resin is observed in such places, where transportation is feasible, and not in thick forest areas. This can be considered as an important economical resource, if proper extraction practices are followed.

Thus by establishing proper extraction, exploitation practices and following proper management practices forest department can gain some income from these forests. We are stressing that proper management practices should be followed. Otherwise it will lead to destruction of well preserved thick evergreen forests.

Development activities:

ISKCON Activities:

(ISKCON International Society for Krishna Consciouseness)

(Popularly known as Chaitanya Pantha or Harekrishna Harerama Pantha)

In the foothills of Kodachadri (On the way to Kodachadri from Karekatte) the ISKCON devotees are constructing a temple complex, surrounded by residential cottages and guest house, for the purpose, they purchased around hundred acres of land amidst the thick forest of Kodachadri . They are introducing there a self sustained village. According to their plan they will above hundred families to live there, and for each family they will allot half an acre of land. They will have to grow food themselves in these allotted field, and they should not use any modern fertilizers, pesticides etc., They should depend only on natural manures. They will also allot cattles to each family. They don't use modern cooking media such as heaters, LPG etc., They will only use fire woods. They are of the opinion that this food is tastier and healthier. They diverted one natural stream from Kodachadri to their colony and using that water for their various activities. Previously there was a road from Karekatte to foothills of Kodachadri, which was very narrow and in very bad condition, now the ISKCON people are repairing and also thinking of metalling this road. This road passes through thick forests.

The BNHS and press persons are of opinion of that they are collecting construction materials from these thick forest and disturbing the wildlife there. Vehicular movement is quite common there now, daily nearly fifteen to twenty vehicles (both light and heavy) are passing through this road, along with hundreds of people and thus disturbing the natural ecosystem. However ISKCON People are arguing that they are not disturbing the nature. They don't fell down even a single tree. They are also against that. They are constructing their structures without disturbing the nature. They purchased the land from farmers and not from forest department and also that is agricultural land and not forest land.

Whatever may be the arguments and counter arguments it is sure that the human dwelling and activities amidst the thick forest will definitely effect the ecological balance of the area.

Karnataka Government's Tourism development project: The Karnataka state government pointed out that the Kodachadri hill is having the full potential to develop into a tourist spot. Therefore in 1991 the then Chief Minister Sri. S. Bangarappa visited the area, during his visit to this region of the state and sanctioned 1 crore Rupees for the development of this area. Under this programmes following plans are proposed and they are in progress.

•  14 km of tar road upto Kodachadri from Sampekatte.

•  Construction of the Travellers bungalow at the top of the hill.

•  Telephone connection to bungalow.

•  Electricity supply to bungalow.

•  Construction of path ways to a) Sarvagna Peetha b) Venkatayyanagiri.

•  Construction of platform to view the sunrise and sunset.

This connecting road passes through the thick evergreen forests and they destroyed large area of the forest for the construction purpose and once again they will have to destroy vast areas of forest for the construction of the ways to two peaks. Experts from their experience in some other hilly terrains are of opinion that, even after the construction of roads, landslides will be quite common and this is the major problem for forest ecosystem.

For the construction of Travellers bungalow also they cleared some land.

Prior to minister's visit, the concerned department prepared a helipad, halfway between the Kodachadri, Helipad is on a clear land. There isn't any forest, so to say it is a grassland at the top of the ill. So there wasn't any destruction of forest, and also this helipad was used only once. This helipad is crude one and there isn't any permanent structures.

When all these above mentioned projects are completed, the tourist pressure will be increased, vehicular movement will also be enhanced. Now itself, there are some jeep facilities from Kollur to Kodachadri. These are carrying people from early morning till late night to Kodachadri. Thus all these activities will drastically effect the very fragile forest ecosystem of the region.

Extension of residential areas:

The two residential families of the region are also involved in their own construction activities. Already they occupied nearly 2-3 acres of land and cleared forests there. One family is now involved in the renovation of its temple complex as well as their residence. The second family is also clearing nearly half an acre of thick forest, for commercial and residential purposes. They are completely dependent on the forests for their, as well as tourist's, needs of firewood. Thus they are destroying the forests in their surrounding areas, where Souparnika (Kolloor) river originates.

In the foot hills, forest encroachment and shifting cultivation are quite common.

Forest encroachment and deforestation:

Forest encroachment and deforestation are two common phenomena everywhere in the world, wherever there is forest. In proper Kodachadri hills the deforestation is very less and so also the encroachment, compared to the total area. But these are observed in surrounding areas of Kodachadri. When we are travelling from Sampekatte to Kodachadri the road passes through thick forests. But here encroachment and deforestation had been taken place, by local people, several years back itself. In some places, entire forest cover has been removed and plantation of areca nut has been taken place, so also paddy cultivation. In this route we came across with two small villages Kattinahole and Harivekanjad, where vast areas of forests were cleared and converted into agricultural lands. Here the people are dependent entirely on these agricultural lands and they are dependent on the remaining forests for their fuel woods.

All these above mentioned activities ae limited to foothills only. In the proiper Kodachadrihill there isn't any deforestation or encroachment except that observed near the travellers bungalow and temples.

Mining Activity:

As mentioned in observation chapter, GSI identified iron ore in this region. Even though percentage is very less here they will be forced to undertake mining operation, when all other mines are exhausted. If once mining operations are started, then it will lead to complete destruction of the area, as the area is very small compared to other mining areas of our state. There fore prior to undertaking any such operation, a detailed study of the area should be under taken.

Chakra Dams:

Generally during the study of lKodachadri two Dams, Chakra Dam and Chakra diversion Dam are considered. Chakra river originates in Kodachadri and flows towards eastern side of Kodachadri after flowing through several hills and valleys. A small dam is contructed across chakra river in a place eight km away from Nagara. This reservoir submerged some four cubic feet of forest in its surrounding area. But this area is several km, away from proper kodachadri and this reservoir is separated from kodachadri by several small mountains.

Chakra diversion Dam is a small controlling gate, across the channel, which carriess water from charka reservoir to linganamakki reservoir. It also serves as a storage place for water which is flowing into it during rainy season, from its surrounding areas. This is stored there till water level decreases in linganamakki reservoir. Whenever the water level decreases in Linganamakki, charka water is let into Linganamkki. This channel construction displaced some families, some forests are destructed during channel construction. But these are very meagre. Channel also passes through tunnels in some places. The secondary effects of which are not visible.

Plantations :

As already mentioned, mysore paper mill (MPM) Bhadravathi is planted Acacia plants in foot hills of Kodachadri, (at present fifty hectares) midway between Karekatte and proper foot hill of kodachadri. (nearer to ISKCON complex). They surveyed the grasslands between the shoals and the level areas in kodachadri hills and its surrounding areas to extend plantations. Two main factors to be considered here are the monoculturing and introduction of exotic species in the thick, fragile evergreen forests and in between shoals.

Introduction of exotic species is major threat to our natural vegetaions and it has been considered as one of major reasons for the extinction and threat to our wild flora and fauna, by ecologists. They may invade the forest, and may compete with natural vegetation and evade them out. They may drastically effect the ecological balance, especially in shoal areas, as shoals and grasslands are intimately interlinked. If grasslands are replaced by plantations, the herbivores will have to face the problem of fodder as they are dependent solely on these grassland. Then they will either enter in to crop fields in foot hills or they may starved to death. Decrease in herbivore number drastically effects carnivore population. Thus the entire food chain will be effected. Monoculturing practice effect the ecosystem in various ways. It will absorb water from the same level, thus depleting water table, absorb same nutrients, resulting in the nutrient depletion.

Impact of Tourists :

As already mentioned Kodachadri is an important pick nick spot and pilgrimage center of the area. The people visiting this place for two purposes-to enjoy the beauty of nature, and to serve the god. Let us first consider the pilgrims, pilgrims from the surrounding villages, districts and even from neighbouring states are visiting this plac. Malayalees stands first in this list, followed by Thmilians. Those who can afford the jeeps, can hire the jeep at Kolloor. As far as impact on ecosystem is considered, they are less dangerous, as they will return within half an hour or so, after having darshana of gods. Those who can't or won't hire the vehicle for various reasons, (economical or ethical) are very dangerous, because, it is very difficult to return from Kodachadri on the same day, Therefore they will have to stay there. Here starts the problem. To serve them, the concerned ‘poojaries' have to burn wood, (to cook food and to overcome the low temperature) which comes from well preserved evergreen forests, thus results in deforestation. Second group of people are very very dangerous compared to first group, from ecological point of view. In addition to the above mentioned wood consumption (that is for cooking etc), they will also purposefully destruct forests for their camp fires at night. They will also play recorders in high volume, which again disturbs the activities of wild animals. The one major problem is that of bottles and plastic bags and other non biodegradable materials. Scars of camp fires and burnt wood and the above mentioned wastes are very common, in the surrounding areas of temples and government bungalow.

According to some rough estimate nearly 50-75 people are visiting Kodachadri daily, during seasons. This number rises to 200-400 during weekends. The so called nature lovers and treckers are generally avoiding rainy seasons. Pilgrims are visiting almost throughout the year, irrespective of the season of the year.

Therefore, there should be some check over the number of visitors as well as to their activities, for proper conservation and preservation of one of the best preserved ecosystems of state. Usage and throwing of non biodegradable substances should be banned. Strict legislative measures should be imposed by concerned departments. If is is not done now itself, this Kodachadri, will be converted to a garbage disposed ground within few years.

Physico – Chemical characters of the water of the temple pond of Kodachadri:

The water was acidic in nature due to high content of carbon dioxide. The values of total hardness, chlorides, sulphates, calcium, alkalinity, and pH values were below the permissible level of drinking water standards (Table No. 7)

For the conservation of this unique ecosystem, the government announced the forest cover in this region as reserve forest, under the name “ Kodachadri Reserve Forest ”. (in 1970)

The forest is situated on the western boundary of the district. The Nagara-Kolloor road passes in the middle of the forest. This forest forms the boundary of the district towards, west, south, a small portion in the east. Configuration of the ground is steep. Kodachadri is the highest point in this reserve forest area and this reserve forest comes under Hosanagara range.

Kodachadri is situated on the southernmost corner of the forest. The underlying rock is generally gneiss. The soil is sandy loam with varying depth. The forest is wet evergreen.

Even though the forest has been announced as reserve forest, several decades back, no developmental activities or the study of the forest area has been undertaken.

No timber extraction, Authorities are leasing the permission to private parties for the collection of Dalchini and Ramapatre, once in a year.

Total area of this reserved forest is 2404. 21 acres.

One researcher, Mr. Nandakumar Kamath identified eitght “Hotspots” of fungal diversity in Western Ghats . Kodachadri is one amongst them. So he suggests dedicate this to the preservation of fungal biodiversity. (Fredrick Noronha 1994)

Fungal culture collection contain many novel genomes, so could have much use in the biotechnology for food, medicine, agriculture and industry.

Proposal for Biosphere Reserve:

Taking into consideration the vegetation type, diversity in species and percentage of endemic and endangered species in the region, Dr. Sundara Raghavan of Botanical Survey of India, in 1981, recommended that Kodachadri –Kolloru region of Western ghat should be served as “Biosphere Reserve”. (Sundara Ragavan -1981)

The forest department is also mentioned in its report that “by providing strict protection” a Biosphere “Kodachadri Chakra” can be developed. (Details of Kodachadri reserve forests)

Thus experts are of opinion that “Kodachadri” region is having essential characters to develop it into a “Biosphere Reserve”.

Biosphere Reserves have been described as undisturbed natural areas for scientific study as well as areas in which conditions of disturbance are under control. They have been set aside for ecological research and habitat preservation. Ramde (1984 of Arora -1992) described them as the means to protect ecosystems, whether natural or modified by human activity, in order to preserve ecological ‘evidence' for the purpose of scientific research.

A protected area that can be declared as a biosphere, should satisfy the following essential criteria.

•  Should provide a network of protected terrestrial and coastal environments which form a coherent system on a world scale.

•  Should occur in each of the 193 bio geographic provinces of the world distinguished in the classification of Udvardy (1970) so as to exhibit the maximum genetic diversity.

•  Should show a complete range of the different types of human interferences, from ecosystems untouched to those which have been degraded by humans.

•  Structure and size should ensure the efficient conservation of the desired ecosystems.

•  Should have sufficient resources available fore ecological education, training and research to be carried on in respect to conservation of nature.

•  If possible should have geographic continuity with other types of protected areas.

•  Should have adequate long term legal protection.

In Kodachadri area, almost all these criteria can be fulfilled. Kodachadri shows a complete range of the different types of human interference, from ecosystem untouched to those which have been degraded by humans.

In Mathikai area forests have been completely degraded and in Chitramoola area and in various other areas the ecosystem are is untouched. Structure and size will ensure the efficient conservation of the desired ecosystems.

Sufficient resources are available for ecological education, training and research to be carried on in respect to conservation of nature. It is also having geographical continuity with other types of protected areas. It is also having adequate long term legal protection. So the authorities and experts are properly selected Kodachadri for the declaration of Biosphere Reserve. As far as the legislative measures are concerned no proper action and study has been taken to declare it as a “Biosphere Reserve”. It is only a proposal.

The programme concerned to Biosphere Reserves known as Biosphere Reserve Network programme was launched by UNESCO in 1971. The main objectives of this programme are;

•  Conserve biotic diversity for ecological evidence.

•  Safeguard genetic diversity for the process of evolution to act upon.

•  provide natural areas for basic and applied research in ecology and environmental Biology.

•  Provide opportunity for environmental education and training.

•  Promote international co-operation.

•  Promote appropriate sustainable management of the available biotic resources.

•  Disseminate the experience so as topromote sustainable development elsewhere.

As of January 1989, 274 Biosphere Reserves have been established in 68 countries. The list includes 14 sites in India .

6. Acknowledgement

 

 

We thank the Chairman, Department Applied Botany and The Chairman Department of Environmental Science, Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta – 577 451, for providing laboratories facilities and other facilities.

7. Bibliography

 

•  Agarwal K.C. – 1993, Environmental Biology – Second Edition, Agro Batanical Publishers, India .

•  Arora M.P. – 1992 Ecology – Second Edition, Himalaya Publishing House, Delhi .

•  Chakra Scheme Published by Karnataka Power Corporation, Varahi Project Chakra Nagara.

•  Dodda Ashwatha Narayana Swamy – 1995 Nashada Anchinalli Kodachadri” Prajavani Sapthahika Puravani” – 21-05-1995 .

•  Fredrick Noronha – 1994 “Preserving Zone for Fungi” Indian Express “ – 07-02-1994 .

•  Gamble J.S. Flora of Madras Presidency (1935) – Volume – I to 3 Published by Botanical Survey of India Calcutta .

•  Ganapathi G.N. – 1996, A project report on “Gum and Resin Yielding Plants of Kodachandri”

•  Karnataka State Gazetter – Dakshina Kannada District and Shimoga District.

•  Rama Rao K.S. Skanda Puranatargata “Sree Mokabika Kshetra Mahatme”.

•  Rangarajan A – 1994 “Battered Nilgiris” Frontline ( 30-07-1994 – 12-08-1994 ) Printed and Published by Rangarajan .S. on behalf of M/s. Kasturi and Sons Ltd., Madras .

•  Sharanappa . P 1994 - A project report on “Timber Yielding Plants of Kodachandri”, Post Graduate Studies in Applied Botany, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta – 577 415.

•  Srirama Bhat .K. 1994-95 – A project report on “Ecological Scenario of Kodachandri” Department of Environmental Sceinces, Kuvempu University , Shankaraghatta – 577 415.

•  Socio Ecological Evaluation of Sharavathy tail race Project Edited and Published by – Samagra Vikasa Bangalore.

•  Sreenivasa .B.N. – 1995 “Malenadina Kodachadri – Ulisi” Manjuvani, - 1995.

•  Sundrara Raghavan .R. 1981 “Conservation Forestry and Biosphere Reserves along Western Ghats ” Published in report of National Seminar on Forest and Environment held on 2 nd and 3 rd of December – 1981.

•  Syed Tabraz Baha, 1996 – A project report on “Bee Flora of Kodachandri” , Post Graduate Studies in Applied Botany, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta – 577 415.

•  Tyler Miller G. Jr. “Resources Conservation and Management” Worlds Worth Publishers California

•  Working Plan – (1989 – 90) of Sagara Division Published by – Karnataka Forest Department, Bangalore .

Table No . :1 Timber yielding plants of Kodachadri and its surrounding areas

Sl. No. Common Name Botanical Name Family Distribution
1 Antuvala SapSapindus emarginatus vahl Sapindaceae Sampe Katte
2 Appe mara Mangifera sp., Anacardiaceae Kattina Hole
3 Athi mara Ficus glomerata Roxb Moraceae Throughout forest
4 Beete Dalbergia latifolia Roxb SF: Papilionaceae Near Sampekatte, Kattina Hole.
5 Bilkambi Albizia amara Biov Mimoseae Sampetatte, Shola forest.
6 Bettada Kanagalu Dellenia sp., Delliniaceae Shola Forest
7 Buruga Bombax malabaricum Dc Bombacaceae Sampekatte.
8 Bage Albizia labbek Benth Mimoseae Sampekatte
9 Bharanige Vitex altissima Verbenaceae Evergreen Forest
10 Bilalu Albizia sp., Mimoseae Kattina Hole
11 Basari Ficus lacor Buch Moraceae Throughout Forest
12 Chaluka Macranga roxburghi Wt Euphorbiaceae Evergreen forest,
13 Chara Buchnania latifolia Roxb Anac ardiaceae Kattinahole, Harivekan Jad
14 Chunga Symplaco spicata Roxb Symplocaceae Shola Forest .
15 Dhuma Dipterocarpus sp., Dipterocarpaceae Harivekan Jad, Evergreen forest.
16 Dalchinni Cinnamom sp., Lauraceae Throughout forest
17 Dhupa Vateria indica Bull Dipterocarpaceae Evergreen forest, Harivekan Jad
18 Gandha Garige Cedrella toona Roxb Meliaceae Kattina Hole, Harivenkan Jad, Evergreen forest.
19 Gulamavu Machilus macrantha Nees Lauraceae Kattina Hole, Evergreen forest.
20 Honalu Terminalia paniculata Roth Combretaceae Sampekatte, Mathikai, Harivekan Jad.
21 Honne Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb Papolionaceae Sampekatte, Harivenkan Jad, Karekatte.
22 Halasu Artocarpus intigrifolia Moraceae Shola forest, Kattina Hole.
23 Halani Erythrina sp., Papilionaceae Shola forest
24 Holegeri Holigarna arnottiana Hook Anacardiaceae Evergreen forest.
25 Holemathi Terminalia arjuna W&A Combretaceae Harivekan Jad.
26 Haiga Hopea Whitiana Wall Dipterocarpaceae Evergreen forest.
27 Hebbalasu Artoccarpus hirsuta L Moraceae Harivekan Jad, Evergreen forest
28 Halamaddi Canarium Stirctum Roxb Burseraceae Evergreen forest, Shola forest
29 Jumma Zanthoxylum budrunga Wall Rutaceae Sampekatte
30 Jambe Xylia xylocarpa Roxb Mimoseae Shola forest
31 Karimathi Terminalia alata Heyne Combretaceae Evergreen forest, Sampekatte, Harivekan Jad.
32 Kavalu Careya arborea Roxb Lecytherdaceae Sampekatte, Shola forest.
33 Karagasa Mara Ficus asparima Roxb Moraceae Shola forest, Evergreen forest
34 Kadu amate Spondias acuminata Lin Sapindaceae Chitrakota
35 Mavu Mangifera Indica Lin Anacardiaceae Kattina Hole, Shola forest, Evergreen forest.
36 Mase mara Alseodaphne semicarpifolia Lauraceae Evergreen forest.
37 Muthuga Butea monosperma Roxb papilionaceae Sampekatte.
38 Mandara Bauhinia sp., Ceasalpinaceae Between Kollur and Karekatte.
39 Maddarasa Ervatamia heyneana Cook Apocyanaceae Sampekatte Harivekan Jad.
40 Maddi dhupa Ailanthus malabarica Simurbaceae Shola forest.
41 Maddale Alstonia scholaris Rbr Apocyanaceae Shola forest.
42 Nandi Legerstroemia lanceolata vahl Lythraceae Evergreen forest.
43 Neralu Syzygium sp., Myrtaceae Throughout forest.
44 Naga sampige Mesua ferreae Lin Guttiferae Evergreen forest.
45 Neerathi Ficus callosa Wild Moraceae Throughout forest.
46 Ranjulu Mimusops elengi Lin Sapotaceae Mathikai, Harivekan Jad.
47 Rampatre Myristica malabarica Roxb Myristicaceae Shola forest, karekatte.
48 Salle Glochidion lanceolarium Dalz Eupharbiaceae Shola forest, Evergreen
49 Sampige Michelia sp., Magnoliaceae Chitrakota.
50 Srigandha Santalum album Linn Santalaceae Sampekatte.
51 Sathiga Eleocarpus Sp., Eleocarpaceae Harivekan Jad, Evergreen forest.
52 Tare Terminalia bellarica Roxb Moraceae Harivekan Jad Kattina Hole
53 Vate Artoccarpus lakooncha Roxb Moraceae Harivekan Jad
54 Chitbage -- --- Shola Forest
55 Thaleppina Mara -- -- --- Harivekan Jad
56 Chatsege -- --- Sampekatte
57 Guju -- --- Sampekatte
58 Antuburulu -- --- Harivekan Jad
59 Karimara -- --- Harivekan Jad
60 Kesavina mara -- --- Chitrakota
61 Godda -- --- Kattina Hole
62 Thaladhupa -- --- Kattina Hole
63 Balagane mara -- --- Kattina Hole
64 Muruga Mara -- -- Kattina Hole
65 Jeenage -- --- Harivekan Jad
66 Akki araklu -- --- Harivekan Jad
67 Hangaraka -- --- Mathikai
68 Kengaralu -- --- Harivekan Jad
69 Hallenne mara -- --- Evergreen forest
70 Kadaru mara -- --- Kattinahole

Table No. 2 Bee Plants Of Kodachadri

Botanical Name Family Common Name Honey Potential Flowering period Distribution Type (Nature) Other economic uses
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Dasvala N+P Nov-Dec Distributated in all parts of Kodachadri Herb Dyeing and ornamental
Albizia amara Biou Mimosaceae Bilkasbi N+P Apr-May Moist dacideovs forest Tree Fodder, Fuel,paper Industry and Timber `
Acacia concinna Dc Mimosaceae Seege N+P May-Jun Moist decideovs forest Tree Medicinal, Dyeing, Tanning Industry and timber
Mimosa pudica Linn. Mimosaceae Sentive plant N+P Jul-Aug Distributated in all parts of Kodachadri Herb Ornamental (Weed)
Ficus infectoria Roxb. Moraceae Basari P May-Apr Semi ever green Tree Fuel Fodder, Medicinal
Artocarpous interifolia .L. Moraceae Halasi P May-Jun Wet ever green Tree Fruit, Fuel, Medicinal
Adhatoda vesica Nees Acanthaceae Adusoku N+P Apr-May Semi ever green Shrub Medicinal and Soil reclamations
Strabilanthus ciliatus Linn. Acanthaceae Strabilantus N+P 7 Yrs. O Semi ever green Shrub Medicinal weed
Aeclepias curassavica Linn. Asclepiadacae Milk weed N+P Apr-Jun Semi ever green Shrub Medicinal and fibre (weed)
Vitex leuoxylon Linn. Verbenaceae Lakhi P+N Mar/Apr Semi evergreen forest Shrub Omamental hede and medicinal
Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae Cosonut P+N All Sea. Plantation crop <P.C> Tree Fruit, Medicinal
Areca catechu Linn. Arecaceae Adika P+N Dec/Jun Plantation crop Tree Fruit, Medicinal
Caryota urens L. Arecaceae China tree N+P Dec/Jan Semi ever green Tree Fruit, Medicinal
Phoenix sylvestris Roxb. Arecaceae Eachahi N+P Jul/Aug Wet ever green Tree Fruit, Medicinal
Cimamum Zylanicum Blame Lauraceae Cinnasua N+P Oct/Nov Shola forest Tree Tree bark and have Medicinal uses
Hevea brosiliensis Muell. Euphorbiaceae Rubber tree N Feb/Mar Plantation Crop Tree Latex used for Fubber Manufacture
Emblica officinalis Geartn. Euphorbiaceae Nalli N+P Mar/Apr Semi evergreen Tree Fruit, Tanning and Medicinal
Termininialia arjuna Linn. Combertaceae Mathi N+P Jun/July Wet evergreen Tree Tisber, fuel tanning and dying
Terminalia Chebula L. Combertaceae Alalu N+P May/Jul Wet evergreen Tree Fruit, Medicinal, Bark for Tanning
T. bellarica Linn. Combertaceae Tari N+P Jun/July Wet evergreen Tree Fruit, medicinal Bark for tanning and Dying
Santalua album Linn. Santalaceae Sandal wood P Nov/Dec Moist Tree Sandal wood oil used medicinal and cosmetics
Bombax ceiba Linn. Bombacaceae Silk cotton tree N+P Feb/Mar Semi evergreen Tree Fibre, Timber and Fodder
Bombax malabaricum Dc. Bombacaceae Burga N+P Feb/Mar Semi evergreen Tree Fibre, Timber and Fodder
Salvia officinalis Linn. Labiatate Sage N+P Feb-Mar Wet ever green Herb Ornamental and medicinal
Pongamia pinnata Merr. Papilionaceae Home N+P Mar-Apr Semi evergreen Tree Fuel fibre, Medicinal
Butea monosperma Taub. Papilionaceae Flame of Forest N May-Jun Semi evergreen Tree Dyeing and Medicinal ornamental
Crotoloaria juncea L Papilionaceae Sun heap N+P Jul-Agu Distributed in all parts of Kodachadri Herb Crop fibre and leaves good mannur
Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Papilionaceae Coral tree N+P May-Jun Distributed in all parts of Kodachadri Tree Fibre
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Papilionaceae Home N+P May-Jun Semi evergreen Tree  
Lagerstroemia lanceolata wall Lytheraceae Nandi N+P Mar/Apr Wet ever green forest Tree Purgative, timber and ornamentals
Michelia champaca Linn. Magnoliaceae Sampage P All sea. Semi evergreen forest Tree Fuel, Ornamental
Mangifera indica Linn. Anacardiaceae Mango N Jan/Feb Semi evergreen Tree Fruit, Fuel and timber
Anacardium Occidentale Linn. Anacardiaceae Garu [Cashew nut] P Jan/Feb Semi evergreen cultivated wild Tree Fruit, Fuel and timber
Azadirachta indica Juss. Meliaceae Bavu N+P Mar/Apr Wet green Cultivated Tree Medicinal & insecticide [Repellant]
Cedrella toona Roxb. Meliaceae Ganadagarige N+P Feb/Mar Wet green Cultivated Tree Dyeing and Furniture
Sapindus emerginatus Vahal. Sapindaceae Soap Nut N May/June Semi evergreen forest Tree Medicinal Fruits as Soap
Vitex negundu Linn. Verbenaceae Hola lukhi P+N Mar/Apr Semi evergreen forest Shrub Ornamental hedge and medicinal

TABLE No. 3 Gum And Resin Yielding Plants Of Kodachadri

Sl. No. Botanical Name Common Name Local Name Family Nature of Exudates Part exudate
1. Anogeissus latifolia, Wall. Axle Wood Dindiga Combretaceae Gum Bark
2. Azadiracta indica. A. juss. (Syn: Melia azadiraca. L ) Neem Bevu Meliaceae Gum Bark
3. Ailanthus malabarica, De. (Syn: Ailanthus truphysa (De. Als) ------ Maddidhupa, Gugguladhupa, Bagadhupa Dhupa, Hemmara Simaroubaceae Oleo-Resin Bark
4. Anacardium accidentale. Linn. Cashew Geru Godambi Anacardiaceae Oleo-Resin Bark
5. Bombax malabaricum, De. (Syn: Bombax ceiba, L) Red silk Cotton Bural; Red Buruga Bombacaceae Gum Bark
6. Bauhinia purpurea, L. Camel's foot ------ Caesalpinaceae Gum Bark
7. Bauhinia retusa, Roxb. ------ Goddarimara Caesalipinaceae Gum Bark
8. Bauhinia varieqate Linn ------ Kanchanar Caesalpinaceae Gum Bark
9. Butea frondosa. Koen. (Syn: Butea monosperma, Roxb.) Flame of forest (Basterd teak) Muthuga Papilionaceae Gum Bark
10. Butea parviflara, Roxb. (Syn: Spatholobous roxburghii, B. ------ Mukkate balli (Kadvare) Papilionaceae Gum Bark
11. Buchanania latifolia, Roxb. ------ Nurukal Anaceardiaceae Gum Bark
12. Boswellia serrata, Roxb. Ex colheber Indian olibanum (Indian frankincense) Lobana mara chilaka dhupa Burreraceae Resin Bark
13. Calophyllum inophyllum, Linn. Pinnay oil tree Surahonne Guttiferae Gum Bark
14. Calophyllum apetalum, Willd. (Syn: C. Wightianum, Andress) ------ Holehonne Guttiferae Gum Bark
15. Canarium strictum, Roxb. Black dammar Halamaddi (Raladhupa) Burseraceae Oleo-Resin Bark
16. Dipterocarpus bourdilloni, Brandis. Dhuma Dhuma Depterocarpaceae Oleo-Resin Bark
17. Dipterocarpus indicus, Bedd. (Syn: D. turbinatus, Gautn) Black dammar Guga Dipterocarpaceae Oleo-Resin Bark
18. Eucalyptus globuls, l Labell. Eucalyptus Nilgiri Myrtaceae Oleo-Resin Bark
19. Guruga pinnata, Roxb. ------ Goddanamara Burseraceae Gum Bark
20. Holigarna beddomei, Hork. ------ Doddaleholegera Anacardiaceae Resin Bark
21. Holigarna arnottiana Hork. ------ Sannaleholegera Anacardiaceae Resin Bark
22. Hordwickia pinnata, Roxb. ------ Yannemara Caesalipinaceae Resin Bark
23. Mesua ferra, Linn. Iron Wood Nagasampige Guttiferae Gum Bark
24. Machilus macrantha, Neer. ------ Gulumavu Lauraceae Gum Bark
25. Mangifera indica. L. Mango Mavu Anacardiaceae Gum Bark
26. Odina wodier, Roxb. (Syn: Lannea grandis Engle) Guggul Udimara Anaceardiaceae Gum Bark
27. Petrocarpus marsupium, Rexb. Indian King Honne papilionaceae Gum Bark
28. Semicarpus anacardum, Linn. Marking Nut Karigeru Guddegeru Anacardiaceae Resin Bark
29. Spondia pinnata (koen). Kurz. (Syn: S. mangifera willd) (Mangifera pinnata L.F) ------ Kadamate Anacardiaceae Gum Bark
30. Sterculia urens, Roxb. Indian tragacenth (Gum Karaya) Buthale (Kandol) Anacardiaceae Gum Bark
31. Styrk benzion, Drgand. Benzoin tree Lobanamara Styraceae Resin Bark
32. Terminalia bellarica, Roxb. Beleric Myoobalaus Tari Combrataceae Gum Bark,Fruit
33. Terminalia tomentosa, Roxb. Mathi Karimatti Combrataceae Gum Bark
34. Toona ciliate, Roem. (Syn: Cedrela toona, Roxb. Ex Rottle &wild) Red toon Gandhagarigi (Devadari) Meliaceae Gum Bark
35. Vateria roxburghiana, Bl, (Syn: V. chinensis, Linn.) ------ Uggal adhupa Dipteracarpaceae Oleo-Resin Bark
36. Vateria malabarica, Bl. (Syn: Vateria India , Linn.) White dammar (Indian capal) Raladammar Saladhupa Shite guggula Dipteracarpaceae Oleo-Resin Bark

Table No. 4 : Medicinal Plants Of Kodachadri

Sl. No. Common Name Botanical Name Medicinal Value
1. Muttuga Butea monosperma (Taub) An astringent.
2. Booruga Bombax malabaricum (DC) An aphrodisiac haemostatic.
3. Seega Acaci concinna (DC) An astiringent.
4. Hebbalasu Artocarpus hirsute (Lam) Testicle and Bubos treatment
5. Halasu Artocarpus heterophuylla (Lam) An laxative, used in Skin diseases
6. Dalchini Cinnamoum zeylanicum (Bl) Aromatic, Astring Stimulant.
7. Beete Dalbergia latifolia (Roxb) Stomachic, used in dyspepsia, diarrhoea, leprosy, obesity and worms.
8. Ficus Ficus glomerata (Roxb) Rinder-pest treatment, used in dysentery and diabetes.
9. Kutacha Holarrhena antidysentrica (Wall) Febrifuge, used in dysentery, diarrhoea intestinal worms
10. Kari Menasu Piper nigrum (Linn) Aromatic, stimulant in cholera, used in dyspepsia.
11. Rampatre Myristica malabarica Fat mixed with little oil applied to indolent ulcers, allays pain.
12. Tari Terminalia bellerica (Roxb) Laxative, Antipyretic, used in piles,

TABLE 5: Common name botanical name of the trees of Kodachadri

Sl. No. Common Name Botanical Name Family
1. Sala dhoopa Vateria malavarica (Bl) Dipterocarpaceae
2. Bogi Hopea glabra (W& A) Dipterocarpaceae
3. Haiga H. wightiana (W & A) Dipterocarpaceae
4. Jala Shorea talura (Roxb) Dipterocarpaceae
5. Dhooma Dipterocarpus bourdilloni (Brand) Leguminsae.
6. Belagi Dalbergia lanceolaria (L.F) Leguminsae.
7. Beete (Rosewood) Dalbergia latifolia (Roxb) Leguminsae.
8. Bilkambi Albizzia amara (Boiv) Leguminsae
9. Bilwara A. odoratissima (Benth) Leguminsae
10. Seega Acacia concinna (DC) Leguminsae
11. Honne Pterocarpus marsupium (Roxb) Leguminsae
12. Ippemara Madhuca indica (Gmel) Sapotaceae
13. Sanna ippe M. longifera (Macber) Sapotaceae
14. Hole ippe M. malabarica Sapotaceae
15. Ranjala Madhuca musopselengi (Linn) Sapotaceae
16. Hadasalu Palaguim ellipticum (Engler) Sapotaceae
17. Tari Terminalia bellerica (Roxb) Combretaceae
18. Mathi T. arjuna (W & A ) Combretaceae.
19. Alale T. Chebula (Retz) Combretaceae.
20. Hunal T. paniculata (Roth) Combretaceae
21 Chara Buchanania latifolia (Roxb) Anacardiaceae
22. Doddeleholegara Holigarna beddomei (Hk.f) Anacardiaceae
23 Sanneleholegara H. arnottiana (Hk.f) Anacardiaceae
24. Mavu Mangifera indica (L) Anacardiaceae
25. Gulmavu Machilus macrantha (Nees) Lauraceae.
26. Dalchini (Advai) Cinnamomum macrocarpum (Hk.f) Lauraceae.
27. Dalchini C. zeylanicum (Blume) Lauraceae.
28. Sura hone Calophyllum inophyllum (Linn) Guttiferae.
29. Hole honne C. apatulum (Willd) Guttiferae.
30. Nagasampige Meusa ferrea (Linn) Guttiferae.
31. Eechala Phoenix suylvestris (Roxb) Palmaceae
32. Baine Caryota urens (Linn) Palmaceae
33. Madle Syzygium laita (Buch-Ham) Myrtaceae
34. Nerale S. cumini (Skeels) Myrtaceae
35. Deveadaru Dysoxylum malabaricum (Bedd) Meliaceae
36. Gandagarige Cedrela toona (Roxb) Meliaceae
37 Hottenola Amoora canarana (Hiern) Meliaceae
38. Madlemara Ervatamia heyneana (Cooke) Apocyanaceae
39. Kanagalu Nerium odorum (Soland) Apocyanaceae
40. Basari Ficus infectoria (Roxb) Moraceae.
41. Halasu Artocarpus integrifolia (L) Moraceae.
42. Habbalasu A. hirsute (Lam) Moraceae.
43. Sannele kendala Nephelium longana (Camb) Sapindaceae.
44. Antuvala Sapindus emerginatus (Vahl) Sapindaceae.
45. Netteralu Argyreia cuneata (Ker-Gawl) Convolvulaceae
46. Rampatre Mysristica malabarica (Lame) Myristicaceae
47. Ramanadike M. magnifica (Bedd) Myristicaceae
48. Nandi Lagerstroemia lanceolata (Wal) Lythraceae.
49. Sudagenasu Litsea withtiana (Hk.f) Lauraceae
50. Gull Mastixia arborea (Clerke) Cornaceae
51. Satiga Eleocarpus tuberculatus (Roxb) Eleocarpaceae
52. Chunga Symplocos lauriana (Wall) Symplocaceae
53. Mangappe Evodia lunu-ankenda (Mirr) Rutaceae
54. Burga Bombax malabaricum (DC) Bombacaceae
55. Naviladi Vitex alitissima (L.f) Verbenaceae
56. Kansuragi Wendlandia exserta (DC) Rubiaceae
57. Halamaddi Canarium strictum (Roxb) Burseraceae

TABLE No. 6 : ANIMALS OF KODACHADRI AND THEIR SYSTEMATICS

Sl. No. Common Name Zoological Name Class Order Family
1. Lion tailed macaque Macaca silenus Mammalia Primates Circopithecoidae
2. Tiger Panthera tigris Mammalia Carnivora Felidae
3. Panther Panthera pardus Mammalia Carnivora Felidae
4. Hyaena Hyaena hyanea Mammalia Carnivora Viveridae
5. Civet cat Vivericula indica Mammalia Carnivora Viveridae
6. Indian giant squirrel Rotufa indica Mammalia Rodentia Sciuridae
7. Indian bison Bos qaurus Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae
8. Sambhar Cervus unicolor Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae
9. Wild boar Sus scropa Mammalia Artiodactyla Suidae
10. Sloth bear Melursus ursinus Mammalia Carnivora Ursidae
11. Wolf Canis lupus Mammalia Carnivora Canidae
12. Jackal Canis aureus Mammalia Carnivora Canidae
13. King cobra Ophiophagus hannah Reptilea Squmata Elaphidae
14. Python Python molurus Reptilea Squmata Boidae
15. Peacock Pavo cristatus Aves ------ -------

TABLE No. 7 : Physical and Chemical characteristics of the water of the temple pond of Kodachadri. (in mg.1 -1 expect p H )

Sl. No. Parameters Concentration
1. pH 6.00
2. Dissolved oxygen 6.05
3. Dissolved Carbon dioxide 12.00
4. Total hardness 12.00
5. Chlorides 9.93
6. Calcium 1.60
7. Alkalinity 2.00
8. Sulphates 153.60
9. Sodium 3.80
10. Potassium 4.00

 

1. Department of Applied Botany

2. Department of Enviromnental Science

Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta: 577451, Karnataka, India .

7. Bibliography