From: "Gary Gallon, Canadian Institute for Business & Environment"
Subject: Gallon Letter on Environment II
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Canadian Institute for Business & the Environment
506 Victoria Avenue, Montreal, H3Y 2R5, Ph. (514) 369-0230, Fax (514)
369-3282
9 Sultan St., Suite 300, Toronto, Ontario
cibe@web.net
NPRI FINDS AIR EMISSIONS UP AND WATER EMISSIONS DOWN IN CANADA
Environment Canada's National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) is a
legislated requirement for companies and municipalities in Canada which
manufacture, process or otherwise uses any of the NPRIlisted contaminants in
quantities of 10 tonnes or more per year, and who employ 10 or more people=
per
year, to report releases or transfers of wastes of these contaminants. As
regulations give way to voluntary measures, NPRI has become one of the most
important tools to stimulate voluntary environmental measures (VEM's) in
Canada. That voluntary action is usually taken as a result of public
revelation
and discuss of the high emission levels reported to NPRI. It is our
pleasure to
contribute to the discussion.
The 1995 NPRI pollution emission results show that air emissions increased
across Canada from 1994, while water emissions decreased. The greatest
decreases of onsite discharges to water have been in the pulp and paper
sector.
The decreases are primarily as a result of the federal pulp and paper
regulations issued under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, and
because
of the Ontario MISA Water Abatement Regulations.
Air emissions continue to increase in Canada, primarily because of the lack=
of
air pollution reduction regulations at both the federal and provincial=
levels.
Ontario's Ministry of the Environment planned to implement the Clean Air
Program (CAP). It held two years of consultations and drafted new air
pollution
control regulations =97 then dropped them altogether. The federal government
planned to adopt air pollution control legislation similar to the United
States, but dropped the idea during the "Program Review" and budgetcutting
exercises in the early 1990's that left Environment Canada with 40% less
resources, and resulted in it handing off responsibility to the provinces
through CCME (Canadian Council of the Ministers of the Environment).
***************************************************************
THREE BIG POLLUTERS TRACKED BY NPRI:
CELANESE CANADA INC., ALBERTA
BAYER RUBBER CO., SARNIA, ONTARIO
P=C9TROCHIMIE COASTAL DU CANADA, MONTREAL, QUEBEC
Of the 1,758 facilities which filed a total of 6,294 pollutant reports to=
the
National Pollutant Release Inventory office of Environment Canada, three
chemical/synthetic fibre companies stand out as major onsite dischargers.=
They
are Celanese Canada Inc., Bayer Rubber Co., Sarnia, Ontario, and P=E9trochim=
ie
Coastal du Canada, Montreal. The reports were in metric tonnes. The more=
they
discharged in 1995 the higher they placed on the charts. Number one=
represents
the largest discharger. Number ten represents the lowest.
CELANESE CANADA INC.
Celanese Canada Inc., chemical plants in Edmonton, Alberta and in
Drummondville, Quebec placed first and second in onsite releases of acetone:
1,053 tonnes and 733 tonnes respectively. And the Celanese Canada Inc.
Edmonton
facilities and the Celanese Canada Inc., Millhaven, Ont. were also first and
second respectively in discharges of acetaldehyde, with 223.6 tonnes and=
32.3
respectively. They were far higher than third place E.B Eddy Forest=
Products,
Espanola with only 18.4 tonnes acetaldehyde. Celanese Canada Inc.'s=
Hillhaven
plant in Ontario placed first in emissions of 1,4Dioxane with 6.6 tonnes.
Second place with DDM Plastics Inc., at least than 1 tonne (.95 tonne).
Celanese Canada Inc., Edmonton, Alberta placed first in the discharge of=
Vinyl
acetate with 196.7 tonnes. This is five times more than second place AT
Plastics Inc., also in Edmonton, which released 35.6 tonnes to the air.
In onsite discharges of tertbutyl alcohol, Celanese Canada Inc., Edmonton
again
placed first with releases of 103 tonnes. This was twice as high as second
place Bayer Rubber Inc., Sarnia, with 42 tonnes. Celanese Canada Inc.,
Edmonton
Facility, was first in discharges of Methyl ethyl ketone, 989.2 tonnes.=20
Celanese Canada Inc. is part of a group of companies controlled by Hoechst=
AG,
Germany. Celanese Canada grew from a small yarn plant in Drummondville,=
Qu=E9bec
into one of Canada's leading manufacturers of chemicals and fibres. Web=
site:
http://celanese.ca/celanese.e/ContentsDirect
BAYER RUBBER INC. "CHEMICAL VALLEY", SARNIA
Bayer Rubber Inc., (formerly Polysar Canada) plant located in=
Sarnia'"Chemical
Valley", Ontario, placed first in releases of acetonitrile with 79 tonnes
discharged to the air. It also placed first with onsite releases of 13.0
tonnes
acrylonitrile to the air. It was more than five times higher than the second
place emitter, Monsanto Canada Inc., LaSalle, QB, with only 2.5 tonnes. =
Bayer
Rubber was first in releases of 1,3Butadiene with 179.8 tonnes released to=
the
air. That is 9 times more than second place Novacor Chemicals Ltd., in the
Sarnia "Chemical Valley" which discharged only 16.2 tonnes. Bayer Rubber
placed
first in discharges of chloromethane with 970.7 tonnes going to the air. The
company also placed second in releases of cyclohexane. Novacor Chemicals=
Ltd.,
in Sarnia's "Chemical Valley" was a major emitter of cyclohexane with 2,010
tonnes.
Bayer Rubber was also a big discharger of benzene placing third with 167.0
tonnes being released to the air. It was behind first place Dofasco Inc.,
Hamilton with 457.8 tonnes and second place Stelco Hilton Works, Hamilton,
with
170.9 tonnes. Finally, Bayer Rubber also placed third in releases of=20
hydrochloric acid with 377 tonnes.
The Bayer Rubber Canada is one of Bayer Germany's five rubber facilities
throughout North America. It is one of several chemical producers that make=
up
the large "Chemical Valley" extending along to Corunna from the edge of
Sarnia.
Sarnia is the location of a number of major petrochemical and refinery
facilities, including those operated by Imperial Oil/Esso, Suncor, Amoco,=
Dow
Chemical, Bayer Rubber, Nova Chemicals, and Cabot Canada (manufacturer of
carbon black), and Air Products. Also located in the Sarnia area are Shell
Canada, Montell Polyolefins, Terra International (nitrogen fertilizer), and
Ethyl Corporation (fuel additives). Sarnia's petrochemical history began=
with
the discovery of oil near the town of Petrolia (located about 20 miles from
Sarnia) in the mid1800s. Imperial Oil established a refinery in Petrolia at
about that time, but later relocated to Sarnia around the turn of the
century.=20
Bayer Rubber Inc. (Canada) is a subsidiary of Bayer A.G. Leverkusen,=
Germany.
During the Second World War, Polymer Corporation (later Polysar, now Bayer
Rubber) was established in Sarnia to manufacture synthetic rubber. Following
the war, Sarnia experienced rapid growth as a result of major investments by
petroleum and chemical companies. The Sarnia facility annually produces
200,000
tonnes of four types of synthetic rubber of which 75 percent goes to the=
auto
sector for the production of tires, inner tubes, hoses and bands. Fully 80
percent of the Sarnia production is exported, primarily to the U.S. Bayer
Rubber Int'l. Web site in Germany:
<http://www.bayerrubber.com/.e/ContentsDirect>http://www.bayerrubber.com..e/ContentsDirect
P=C9TROCHIMIE COASTAL DU CANADA
P=E9trochimie Coastal du Canada in Montreal placed first in all three=
mxylene,
oxylene, and p xylene emissions. It discharged 16.36 tonnes mxylene, almost
three times more than second place Ultramar Canada inc., in L=E9vis , QB=
which
discharged 5.8 tonnes. P=E9trochimie discharged 9.2 tonnes of oxylene more=
than
four times as much as second place Ultramar Canada inc in L=E9vis with 2.1
tonnes. And P=E9trochimie discharged 39.3 tonnes of pxylene, 20 times as
much as
Ultramar Canada inc. in L=E9vis QB with 1.9 tonnes.
************************************************************
SUMMARY OF NPRI
This is the 1995 Summary Report of the third National Pollutant Release
Inventory (NPRI) for onsite releases to air, water and land, transfers off
site
in waste, on 3R's (recovery, reuse, recycling) and on energy recovery of 176
listed pollutants. The NPRI is the only legislated, nationwide,
publiclyaccessible inventory of onsite pollutant releases and offsite
transfers
in waste in Canada. The 1995 Summary Report includes data collected from In
1995, onsite releases and offsite transfers in waste were 169,069 tonnes and
60,422 tonnes, respectively. between 1994 and 1995, the number reports
submitted by facilities in Alberta increased by 6 per cent and total=
releases
increased by 8,458 tonnes or 24%. The National Pollutant Release Inventory:
Summary Report 1995", released by Environment Canada, Ottawa, November 1997
can
be found in full at the web site: http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/npri.html.entsDirect
*************************************************************
EUROPEAN UNION CRITICIZE "RESPONSIBLE CARE PROGRAM":
VOLUNTARY ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURE
An international trades union has criticized the chemical industry for=
uneven
implementation of and lack of communication about its Responsible Care=
Program
on environment, health and safety. Now adopted worldwide by many chemical
firms, Responsible Care is a standardbearer for selfregulation in the
environmental field. According to a survey released today by the=
Brusselsbased
International Federation of Chemical, Mine and General Workers' Unions=
(ICEM),
workers in the industry are "neither widely involved in nor well informed
about" Responsible Care. ICEM accepts that workers and trades unions are=
more
likely to be involved in some way in northwestern Europe and Japan, but=
claims
that companies based in countries with highprofile responsible care
programmes,
such as Germany "usually do not run similar programmes within their=
operations
in other parts of the world". In response to the survey results, ICEM has
called on the chemical industry to accept that Responsible Care "is no
substitute for legislation, monitoring and enforcement, but is rather an
additional commitment". "RC must stand for Real Commitment," said ICEM=
general
secretary Vic Thorpe. The survey results are available on the ICEM web site.
http://www.icem.org/pdb/npri.html.entsDirect; tel: +32 2 626 2020. Source: ENDS Daily Email News,=20
15/12/97=20
********************************************************************
GLOBAL WARMING GLOBAL WARMING GLOBAL WARMING
********************************************************************
PRIMER ON THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
Representatives from 160 countries agreed on new, legally binding limits for
greenhouse gas emissions in the world's industrialized countries. Agreement
was
reached in the early hours of 11 December 1997, after ten days of tough
negotiations at the Climate Change Conference, held in Kyoto, Japan. Under=
the
agreement, reduction commitments relating to emissions of six greenhouse=
gases
(carbon dioxide (CO2) , methane (CH4) , nitrous oxide (N2O) ,
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) , perfluorocarbons (PFCs) , and sulphur=
hexafluoride
(SF6) ) have been established for all developed countries. The total
reduction
in emissions for all developed countries by 2010 is estimated at 5.2% below
1990 levels. The individual reduction commitments are as follows: European
Union (as a whole) , most Central and Eastern European countries and
Switzerland: 8%; USA: 7%; Japan and Canada: 6%; New Zealand, Russia,=
Ukraine:
stabilization; Norway: 1% increase; Australia: 8% increase; and, Iceland:=
10%
increase.
A certain amount of flexibility has been built into the agreement which will
allow developed countries to meet part of their commitments through=
"emissions
trading" amongst themselves. In addition, a "clean development mechanism",
will
allow financing of joint projects for the reduction of emissions in other
industrialized countries or developing countries to count towards the
commitments of developed countries. The Protocol will enter into force once=
it
has been ratified by at least six countries representing at least 55% of the
total 1990 greenhouse gas emissions from developed countries.
*********************************************************
TRADEABLE EMISSION PERMITS OKAYED AT KYOTO
Trading of emission rights was approved in principle. Detail will be=
finalized
in November 1998 at the next Conference of the Parties (COP 4) meeting in
Buenos Aires, Argentina. The treaty approved in principle "credits" to
nations
planting or protecting woodlands at home or abroad, allowing countries like
Canada to count their forests as "carbon sinks" and allow reforestation to
count as reducing CO2 emissions as a result of CO2 sequestering that will
occur
as the growing trees take up carbon. Regarding enforcement, "appropriate and
effective" methods will be finalized and implemented after the Conference of
the Parties meeting scheduled for April 1998 in Bonn, Germany. Regarding
technical assistance and funding for the development countries the treaty
approved in principle the establishment of mechanisms to assist developing
nations achieve "clean development". How that will be done exactly will be
worked out. The whole Kyoto Protocol can be downloaded in Acrocbat
at:http://www.cop3.de/fccc/docs/cop3/l07a01.pdf.=20
*************************************************************
INSURERS CALL FOR CUTS IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
Insurance executives speaking on behalf of more than 70 insurers from around
the world will address climate change negotiators here in Kyoto, Japan, on 5
December. They will urge for an agreement on measures that will prevent a
businessasusual scenario. With annual revenues of over $US2 trillion, the
concerns of the insurance industry will be hard to ignore. The executives
will
present a position paper to the Third Conference of Parties to the United
Nations Convention on Climate Change highlighting the industry's worry about
humankind's contribution to global warming and climate change. =20
The insurance companies note that, while the effect of climate change on the
frequency or severity of extreme weather events remains unknown, it is clear
that even small changes in regional storm patterns or in the hydrological
cycle
could lead to increased property damage. The insurers also point out that
climate change has potentially large implications for investment activities.
Ms. Elizabeth Dowdeswell, Executive Director of the United Nations=
Environment
Programme (UNEP). "The insurance industry is telling us about the other=
side
of the coin about the economic costs of not reducing emissions. Insurers=
know
from experience how expensive it can be when people fail to protect=
themselves
adequately from risks. We must listen to them," she said. The insurance
industry highlights the importance of the precautionary principle, urging
governments to promote scientific research that will establish as to what
threshold level of atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases should be
considered dangerous. They also support the use of marketbased instruments
and
the transfer of cleaner technology to manage climatic risk. For more
information contact: Mr. Michael Williams, UNEP Media Officer in Japan on=
tel:
+81 20 2290209, fax: +81757052002 or Mr. Bernard Schanzenbacher, UNEP
Programme
Officer, tel: +41229799302, fax: +41227969240, email: schanzeb@unep.ch=20
********************************************************************=20
NAFTA ENVIRONMENT COMMISSION (CEC) REPORT:
POTENTIAL FOR GREENHOUSE GASES TRADING EMISSION PERMITS:=20
The Commission on Environmental Cooperation (CEC) released a study this=
month
entitled: "Exploring Potential for a Greenhouse Gas Trading System in North
America". It assesses the issues which would influence the potential=
economic
and environmental benefits from developing national emissions trading=
systems
in two or more countries with international trade. The study is the first=
part
of a CEC initiative in the area of climate change. For a copy contact Rachel
Vincent at the CEC Secretariat: 5143504300, or by email at
rvincent@ccemtl.org.
*************************************************************
CANADA AFTER KYOTO: NRCAN'S GOODALE OUTLINES GLOBAL WARMING INITIATIVES
Ralph Goodale, Minister of Natural Resources Canada, and M.P. ReginaWascana
stated that: "after Kyoto, the Government of Canada will begin immediately=
to
develop and finalize a comprehensive Canadian implementation plan." Adding
that: "we intend to make a real difference and we intend to reach the goals
agreed upon internationally." He added that: "This is no smoke and mirrors
exercise.... we will strongly pursue all the flexibility provisions that
may be
contained in any Kyoto agreement (joint implementation, tradeable permits,
credits for exports, etc.) to achieve maximum costeffectiveness,=
domestically
and internationally... and we will strive to transform the Canadian climate
change challenge into new opportunities for growth, jobs, technological
advancement and new export potential all in the context of protecting and
enhancing our environment. Source: Goodale press conference at the National
Press Threatre, Ottawa, December 1, 1997.
************************************************************
HOT KYOTO WEB SITES
The Kyoto negotiations saw the greatest use of the internet ever attempted.=
At
least four daily internet newsletters were issued from the conference site
from
both the environmental activists and the conservative activists trying to
prevent the protocol. More than twenty international web sites have=
excellent
information and analysis of the Kyoto decision. The Kyoto meeting itself ran=
a
daily "RealTalk" voice replication of the speeches and discussions from the
conference hall. These are now archived on the web site and can be accessed
and
replayed. The replays come complete with stopaction video on your computer
screen. Below is a list the best web sites with the best information from=
both
the left and right on Kyoto. Island Press with the actual protocol and
responses from the nations at: http://www.islandpress.org.s/cop3/l07a01.pdf.=20 Also visit ECO
ongoing reports during the conference at http://www.igc.org/climate/Eco.html07a01.pdf.=20
For news and analysis of the ten and a half days in Kyoto that shook the
world,
including what was actually achieved at the climate conference, why the IMF
and
WTO may have become involved in the global warming issue, and what present=
the
President gave Chelsea before she went away to college, see my latest
update on
the Liberty Tree Website, at:
http://www.libertytree.org/Trenches/climate/climlit.html. Presentation on
Climate Change and Potential Impacts:
http://www.epa.gov/oppeoee1/globalwarming/presentations/cc&i_toc.html
*************************************************************
EXXON, CAPP, AND IMPERIAL OIL WEB SITES
Understand the positions of Exxon and Imperial Oil Ltd. on global warming.
Visit their websites. For EXXON go to:
http://www.exxon.com/exxoncorp/index.html.presentations/cc&i_toc.html Once you are in, go to current=
news
and then hit "speeches". For Imperial Oil Ltd., go to:
http://www.imperialoil.ca/news/index.html.presentations/cc&i_toc.html globewrm.htm. The Canadian Association of
Petroleum Producers (CAPP) has an excellent site that details the concerns=
of
the oil industry at: http://www.capp.ca/new.html.ws/index.html.presentations/cc&i_toc.html
**************************************************************
ESSO EMPLOYEES U.K. VOTE TO HAVE THEIR OWN COMPANY REDUCE GLOBAL WARMING=
GASES
While the sister companies ESSO U.K., EXXON USA, and Imperial Oil Canada=
Ltd.,
fight any efforts to curb global warming, the employees of ESSO U.K.=
employees
voted to take action to reduce global warming gases. This is according to a
polled taken of the employees as they entered work. The poll was taken by
Greenpeace U.K. Eightyfive percent of Esso staff arriving for work before 9=
am
voted to have ESSO take partial responsibility for protecting the climate=
from
the effects of fossil fuels. Source: The EnviroNews Service: Ph. (412)
6836400,
Fax (412) 6838460. Visit: http://www.envirolink.org.l.ws/index.html.presentations/cc&i_toc.html
***************************************************************
VISIT COP3 AND IPCC: THE OFFICIAL GLOBAL WARMING WEB SITES FOR UNBIASED
BACKGROUND INFO ON THE PROTOCOL
Visit the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC's) site at:
http://www.ipcc.ch.nk.org.l.ws/index.html.presentations/cc&i_toc.html It is loaded with background info on the studies and=
facts
that lead to governments to take the action they did at Kyoto. The official
Kyoto Conference of the Parties (COP3) site is: http://www.cop3.de/.k.org.l.ws/index.html.presentations/cc&i_toc.html
***************************************************************
ENVIRONMENT CANADA'S GREEN LANE RICH WITH KYOTO INFORMATION
Environment Canada's web site provides access to the Kyoto documentation and
Canadian studies that led Canada to take a strong position on global warming
gases. Go to: http://www.doe.ca/envhome.html.index.html.presentations/cc&i_toc.html
********************************************************************
IISD BEST NGO SITE ON KYOTO
The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) has one of=
the
best NGO sites on global warming and the Kyoto Protocol. The global warming
site run by Chad Carpenter, Program Officer/Legal Consultant, International
Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)50 W. 34th St., #11A7, New
York, NY
10001; Tel:(212) 6439599; Fax:(212) 6440206; Email: chadc@iisd.org.Go to:
http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/climate/kyoto/presentations/cc&i_toc.html
***********************************************************
SEE AND LISTEN TO THE ACTUAL KYOTO NEGOTIATIONS THAT TOOK PLACE
The Kyoto negotiations, speeches, and responses in session can be listened=
to
on the internet, along with some stunning visuals. To do this you'll need a
copy of the RealPlayer plugin for your net browser. The live video/audio
format of the Kyoto Conference can be viewed at: http://www.cop3.ne.jp/live./climate/kyoto/presentations/cc&i_toc.html
Source: Pete Mullenhard, Senior Engineer, U.S. Navy Shipboard Environmental
Information Clearinghouse (SEIC), (Formerly the Navy CFC & Halon
Clearinghouse)
c/o GEOCENTERS, Inc., 1755 Jefferson Davis Hwy, Suite 910 Arlington, VA=
22202
seic@thepentagon.com: http://www.navyseic.comive./climate/kyoto/presentations/cc&i_toc.html; ph. (703) 4161132
**************************************************************
IRELAND'S FEDERAL BUDGET PROVIDES FISCAL INCENTIVES FOR CO2 REDUCTION
Irish finance minister Charlie McCreevy December 1997 announced in the
government's annual budget a new tax relief facility for corporate=
investment
in wind farms and other renewable energy projects. Up to half of project=
costs
to a maximum of I=A37.5m per project are to be made available until the end=
of
1999. The tax relief was proposed by an interdepartmental group set up to
examine ways to "green" the budget. The European Union must approve the=
fiscal
measures as a measure that will not disadvantage the countries in the EU in
trade.
****************************************************************
AUSTRALIA SUSTAINABLE ENERGY INDUSTRY COUNCIL SLAMS LACK OF ACTION ON GLOBAL
WARMING
The Sustainable Energy Industries Council of Australia (SEICA) issued a=
press
statement expressing concern about backward role taken by the Australia
government in its attempts to scuttle the Kyoto Protocol negotiations. It=
was
also concerned about the successful pressure by Australia to increase its
global warming gas emissions by 8% while the rest of the OECD countries=
would
have to cut emissions by an average of 5.2% by the year 2012. Dr Peter=
Lyons,
the Executive Director of SEICA, said, "The (Kyoto) agreement is a setback=
for
the sustainable energy and natural gas industries which could have created
many
thousands of new jobs in the near future if the Australian Government had
become serious about reducing emissions."
There would be no cost in adopting greenhouse gas emissionreduction targets.
Australia leads the world in the creation of sustainable energy=
technologies;
here was an opportunity to sell our intellectual and commercial advantage to
the world. There is still no evidence that the Government comprehends the
vital
contribution that renewable energy and energy efficiency could make to CO2
abatement and to the economy and job growth. Instead, the Government's
policies
are blatantly skewed in favour of the fossilfuel sector, which does not=
speak
for all industry and has been absolved of any significant burden,
notwithstanding the existence of the Greenhouse Challenge program. The=
clean,
green industries of now and of the future create jobs, boost local economies
and cut greenhouse emissions. Such industries in advanced countries like
Australia must be nurtured by enlightened governments. Yet the Prime
Minister's
tokenistic greenhouse funding package announced on 20 November contains no=
new
support for R&D in these vital areas. The package falls far short of what
SEICA
sees as a serious commitment to development of the sustainable energy
industries. Contact: Sustainable Energy Industries Council of Australia
Inc.,PO
Box 411, Dickson ACT 2602, Australia; ph. +61 2 6285 2713; Fax: +61 2 6285
3583; email: peter.lyons@eea.com.au.
*********************************************************
SOLAR ENERGY INDUSTRIES LAUNCHES A MILLION ROOFS EFFORT
Harvey Forest, president of the Solar Energy Industries Association, and=
also
president of Solarex, the largest solar company in the U.S. announced that=
the
solar industry has launched a new "Million Roofs" promotion that plans to
convert one million rooftops in the United States to passive and active
(photovoltaic) solar by the year 2010. The program will utilize government
procurement initiatives, homeowner subsidies, lowinterest loans, and new
regulations that will require utilities to buy back excess energy. The
initiative will help the U.S. meet its greenhouse gas emissions reduction
commitment. Source: Washington Times, December 15, 1997.
**********************************************************
EARTH'S BEEN WARMING SINCE 1500: MAINLY IN LAST 100 YEARS: NEW STUDY
=20
A new 300site survey of borehole temperatures spanning four continents and
five
centuries confirmed that the Earth is getting warmer and the rate of warming
has been accelerating rapidly since 1900. "In terms of climate change, the
20th
century has not been just another century," said Henry N. Pollack,=
University
of Michigan professor of geological sciences who worked on the study.
"Subsurface rock temperatures confirm that the average global surface
temperature has increased about 1 degree C. (1.8 degrees F.) over the last
five
centuries with onehalf of that warming taking place in the last 100 years.=
The
20th century is the warmest and has experienced the fastest rate of warming=
of
any of the five centuries in our study." Pollack presented temperature
readings
from 300 underground boreholes in Europe, North America, Australia and South
Africa at the American Geophysical Union meeting held at the University of
Michigan November 1997. Pollack's study was funded by the U.S. National
Science
Foundation (NSF).
*******************************************
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Copyright (c) 1997 Canadian Institute for
Business and the Environment, Montreal
All rights reserved.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Gary Gallon
President
Canadian Institute for Business and the Environment
506 Victoria Ave.
Montreal, Quebec H3Y 2R5
Ph. (514) 369-0230, Fax (514) 369-3282
email: cibe@web.net