i
Electronic Green Journal
June 1998
Issue 8
Subject: The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography
Lisa A. Wishard
June 1988
Issue 8
The Pennsylvania State University
I. Introduction
The red-cockaded woodpecker was first identified by Louis Jean Pierre Viellot in 1807
as Picoides borealis or northern woodpecker. Viellot wrongly assumed that this southern species
ranged into the northern United States and Canada. In the 1880's Alexander Wilson became the
first to apply to the species the common name, red-cockaded woodpecker. This gregarious
woodpecker once common in the longleaf pine forests of the southeastern United States has been
on the endangered species list since October 1970 (under a law that proceeded the Endangered
Species Act of 1973).
The red-cockaded woodpecker is cardinal-sized, measuring approximately seven inches
long with a fifteen-inch wingspan. The males of the species wear a black cap, with a red streak
worn like a cockade on either side. This streak is the species rarely visible but distinguishing
mark and namesake. Both the male and the female of the species have a distinctive black nape
which encircles large white patches on the cheek along with black and white horizontal bars on
the back. The young of the species bear the same general colors and patterns of the adults, but
young males will have an oval shaped patch of crimson on their crown.
An intensely social and territorial bird, the red-cockaded woodpecker nests in groups of
up to nine members. Groups are made up of one breeding pair, nestlings and male helpers. Male
helpers assist in excavating nesting cavities, defending the territory and raising the young.
Female young may leave the group during the nesting period (April-June) in search of single
male groups, but often the young will stay with the group in hopes of inheriting an existing
cavity.
Red-cockaded woodpeckers are one of few birds that build their nests in living trees.
The red-cockaded woodpeckers require a living pine tree in diameter of at least 5 _ feet that has
heartwood infected with fungus. The fungus causes the heartwood of the tree to become soft. The
birds then excavate a gourd shaped cavity, roughly 8 to 12 inches in diameter, into the heart of
the tree, a process which can take up to 1 to 3 years. Because of the size of tree required to build
the nesting cavity, red-cockaded woodpeckers are limited to longleaf pines, which are between
80 to 120 years old, and loblolly pines that are 70 to 100 years old.
The red-cockaded woodpecker has been found in association with other birds such as
titmice, bluebirds, and nuthatches. Since these birds all favor an open woodland environment, the
sittings probably do not imply any kind of symbiotic association. Vacated red-cockaded
woodpecker cavities frequently become home for associated birds, flying squirrels, bees and
wasps and amphibians and reptiles.
The tree-crawling rat snake is the red-cockaded woodpecker's primary natural predator.
To thwart the rat snake, the woodpeckers will peck at trees to create resin wells from which sap
will flow. The sap flow creates a barrier to the rat snake, as even a small amount of resin inhibits
movement of the snake's scales. thus preventing it from crawling higher and invading the nest of
the woodpecker.
The activities of man have proven, however, to be the most detrimental to the habitat of
the red-cockaded woodpecker. The most devastating impacts from man's encroachment are those
generated by silviculture and agriculture. Silviculture activities have replaced the native longleaf
pine woodlands with fast growing species such as slash pine and loblolly pine. These fast-
growing species are frequently harvested before they can provide nesting habitat for the red-
cockaded woodpecker. Silviculture techniques such as clear-cutting have also severely impacted
the areas in which the red-cockaded woodpecker can nest. Agricultural land clearing and the use
of pesticides and herbicides are also threatening to the habitat of the red-cockaded woodpecker.
The red-cockaded woodpecker feeds primarily on insects such as beetles, ants,
caterpillars and wood-boring insects. The woodpecker occasionally eats berries and fruits. It has
also been observed to eat the worms that are found in ripening ears of corn. This diet, if digested
near an agricultural area, can result in the ingestion of herbicides and pesticides, which can affect
the viability of a group.
The original range of the red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis, extended north
from northeastern Oklahoma (Copan) through southern Missouri (Shannon county), Tennessee
(Beersheba and Allardt) and Maryland (Patuxent). The range spread east along the Atlantic coast
from North Carolina (Beaufort) to southern Florida (Long Pine Key) and south along the Gulf of
Mexico to southeastern Texas (Houston). The western range stretched into northwestern
Louisiana (Mansfield), western Arkansas (Mena) and eastern Oklahoma (Copan) [Figure 1]. This
range, corresponds to the range of the original longleaf pine forests. Today, the longleaf pine
forests exists in only six percent of its original area, while the red-cockaded woodpecker is
reduced to less than one percent of its original range.
The red-cockaded woodpecker, because of its social nature and unique nesting habits,
requires a disappearing ecological niche to survive. A minimum of 200 acres of woodland is
necessary to support one nesting group. Most tracts of this size exist only on federal lands within
the woodpecker's habitat range. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in conjunction with the U.S.
Forest Service, several state agencies and private landholders, is working on a recovery
strategy for the red-cockaded woodpecker. The recovery strategy includes longer cutting
rotations for forested areas, tagging trees which could be used for red-cockaded woodpecker
nesting cavities, creating artificial nesting cavities, maintaining corridors between nesting ranges
and disruptive environments, moratoriums on clear-cutting, as well as intervention by man to
keep predators out of nesting cavities.
Since the species is limited to isolated tracts of land, disasters can have a huge impact on
the existing population. For instance, as a result of Hurricane Hugo in 1989, the red-cockaded
woodpecker lost nearly 100,000 acres of its range in the Francis Marion National Forest in South
Carolina. In the area impacted by the hurricane, over 80 percent of the viable nesting trees for the
red-cockaded woodpecker were destroyed.
It is estimated that the population of the red-cockaded woodpecker currently numbers
about 5,000 to 10,000 birds living in the range from northern Florida to Virginia west to southern
Missouri and northern Texas. The largest community groups are clustered in the Apalachicola
National Forest in northern Florida, the Francis Marion National Forest in South Carolina and
private and military land in eastern North Carolina. It is hoped that the data brought together in
this bibliography will foster research in preservation of the habitat of the red-cockaded
woodpecker and help in saving the species from extinction.
A great deal of research on the habitat and range of the red-cockaded woodpecker has
been done in attempts to protect and increase its population. Jerome A. Jackson published An
Annotated Bibliography of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker in 1981. Since then much has been
written regarding the red-cockaded woodpecker. This bibliography includes citations for the
dates 1980-1997. It covers primarily journal articles, books, government publications and
dissertations. The following indices were reviewed: Agricola, Biological Abstracts, CAB
Abstracts, Ecology Abstracts, Cambridge Scientific's Environmental Sciences and Pollution
Management, the Monthly Catalog of Government Publications, Natural Resources Metabase,
Dissertation Abstracts, the Wildlife Review, Zoological Record, CARL UnCover, OCLC's
WorldCat and Dialog's Environment One Source, among others. In addition, the online library
catalogs for the following institutions were searched: the Triangle Research Library Network
(comprised of University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Duke University and North Carolina
State University), Clemson University, Auburn University, Florida State University, the
University of Florida, Mississippi State University, Texas A&M, and the University of Texas, to
name some of the pertinent ones. The Community Ecology Research Library and the Old Growth
Forest Databases of the Southeast Regional Office of the Nature Conservancy were also
reviewed.
II. Bibliography
Akcakaya, H. Resit. (1997) "Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers: Evaluating the Impact of Alternative
Timber Management Plans." Applied Biomathematics. Retrieved February 18, 1998 from the
World Wide Web: http://www.ramas.com/rcw.htm
Evaluates the impact of forest management practices on the viability of a red-cockaded
woodpecker metapopulation in Louisiana using Geographic Information System maps
and data.
Alcock, J. E. (1990) Decision Notice, Finding of No Significant Impact, and the Environmental
Assessment for the Interim Standards and Guidelines for the Protection and Management
of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat within 3/4 Mile of Colony Sites. Atlanta, GA: U.
S. Forest Service.
Allen, D. H., Franzeb, K.E. & Escano, R.E.F. (1993). Efficacy of Translocation Strategies for
Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers. The Wildlife Society Bulletin, 21(2), 155-159.
Translocation of 16 red-cockaded woodpeckers to resident and abandoned clusters at the
Savannah River Site, South Carolina led to an increase in population. Translocation was
augmented by control of the southern flying squirrel population and artificial cavity
excavation.
Allen, David H. (1991). An Insert Technique for Constructing Artificial Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker Cavities. General Technical Report SE-73. Asheville, NC: U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.
A complete guide for excavating red-cockaded woodpecker cavities. Discusses the
results of artificial cavity use at the Savannah River Site and the Francis Marion National
Forest, South Carolina, where of 300 artificial cavities installed, 60% were inhabited
within the study period.
Baggett, David L. (1995). Improved installation of artificial cavities for red-cockaded
woodpeckers. The Wildlife Society Bulletin, 23(1), 101-102.
Suggests the use of a lift bucket rather than ladders for installing artificial red-cockaded
woodpecker cavities.
Baker, W. W. (1981). The distribution, status and future of the red-cockaded woodpecker in
Georgia. In Odom, R.R. & Guthrie, J.W. (eds.), Proceedings of the Nongame and Endangered
Wildlife Symposium, August 13-14, 1981. (pp.82-87). Technical Bulletin WL-5.
Atlanta, GA: Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Game and Fish Division.
Baker, W. W., Thompson, R.L. & Engstrom, R.T. (1980). The distribution and status of
red-cockaded woodpecker colonies in Florida: 1969-1978. Florida Field Naturalist
8(2), 41-45.
Barron, E. (1989). Management of the endangered red-cockaded woodpeckers on Texas state
forests. Texas Trees 68(3), 8-9.
Bechtel National, Inc. (1985). Threatened and Endangered Wildlife Survey: Vacherie Dome
Area Louisiana. San Francisco, CA: Bechtel National, Inc..
Literature review on the previous distribution of endangered species in Webster and
Bienville Parishes, Louisiana includes the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Beck, R. A. (1991). Red-cockaded woodpecker. In Terwilliger, K. (coordinator). Virginia's
Endangered Species. Proceedings. (pp. 513-514). Blacksburg, VA: McDonald and Woodward
Publishers.
Provides an overview of red-cockaded woodpecker systematics and distribution.
Indicates the status of the only breeding colony of red-cockaded woodpeckers, located in
Suffolk county, was uncertain at the time of publication.
Beever, J. W. & Dryden, K.A. (1992) Red-cockaded woodpeckers and hydric slash pine
flatwoods. In McCabe, R.E. (ed), Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural
Resources Conference, 57; Crossroads of Conservation: 500 Years After Columbus; Charlotte,
North Carolina, March 27-April 1, 1992 (pp. 693-700). Washington, DC: Wildlife Management
Institute.
The unique habitat requirements of red-cockaded woodpeckers in Florida are discussed.
The hydric slash pine flatwoods are identified as the most preferred nesting and foraging
habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker in southern Florida.
Belanger, Roger P., Hedden, Roy L. & Lennartz, Michael R. (1988). The potential impact of the
southern pine beetle on red-cockaded woodpecker colonies in the Georgia piedmont.
Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12(3), 194-199.
Thirty-four red-cockaded woodpecker colonies in Jones and Jasper counties, Georgia
were evaluated for stand characteristics and susceptibility to southern pine beetle bark
attack. Authors found colonies consisted primarily of loblolly pines and were at low risk
for pine beetle attacks.
Bennett, Julie Raye. (1995). Economic Analysis of Market-Based Approaches to Conserving
Endangered Species on Private Lands in Texas. Unpublished M. S. Thesis, Stephen F. Austin
State University.
Uses the red-cockaded woodpecker as a case study to examine the economic aspects of
endangered species protection.
Beyer, D. E., Costa, R., Hooper, R.G. & Hess, C.A. (1996). Habitat quality and reproduction of
red-cockaded woodpecker groups in Florida. Journal of Wildlife Management 60(4), 826-
835.
Studies the relationship between reproduction success of red-cockaded woodpecker
groups and availability of nesting trees and habitat fragmentation on a population in the
Apalachicola National Forest, Florida. Found no association between the number of
young fledged and availability of pines or degree of habitat fragmentation.
Blackwell, B. F., Doerr, P.D., Reed, J.M. & Walters, J.R. (1995). Inbreeding rate and effective
population size: A comparison of estimates from pedigree analysis and a demographic
model. Biological Conservation 71(3), 299-304.
Using data from a long-term study of the red-cockaded woodpecker in North Carolina
the authors constructed a pedigree which was used to determine the realized rate of
inbreeding. Comparing their results with other published reports did not yield confident
results. Suggests the use of multiple methods to increase accuracy when determining the
loss rate for genetic variability.
Blue, Roberta J. (1985) Home Range and Territory of Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers Utilizing
Residential Habitat in North Carolina. M. S. Thesis, North Carolina State University.
Bock, Carl E. (1984). Geographical correlates of abundance vs. rarity in some North American
winterland birds. The Auk 101(2), 266-273.
Uses Christmas Bird Count (CBC) data to compare range sizes and within range
abundance of 70 avian species in North America, including the red-cockaded
woodpecker.
Bonnie, Robert. (1997). Safe harbor for the red-cockaded woodpecker. Journal of Forestry
95(4), 17-22.
Discusses statewide habitat conservation plans used to protect red-cockaded woodpecker
habitat. Specific focus is placed on the North Carolina Sandhills region and the Safe
Harbors program. The Safe Harbors program was designed to coordinate conservation
efforts between private landowners and federal and state conservation offices.
Bonnie, Robert & Bean, Michael. (1996). Habitat trading for red-cockaded woodpeckers:
Enhancing recovery, reducing conflicts. Endangered Species Update 13(4-5), 7.
Examines a habitat 'trading' plan designed to reduce conflicts with federal and state
agencies and private landowners.
Bradshaw, Dana Seward. (1990) Habitat Quality and Seasonal Foraging Patterns of the Red-
Cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) in Southeastern Virginia. M. A. Thesis, College of
William and Mary.
Burnside, Fred L. (1983) The status and distribution of the red-cockaded woodpecker in
Arkansas. American Birds 37(2), 142-145.
The red-cockaded woodpecker range in Arkansas is limited to the following
physiographic regions: Gulf Coastal Plain, Ouachita Mountains and marginally the
Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Includes range maps.
Camann, Michael Anthony. (1995) Spatially Explicit, Epidemiological Modeling Approaches to
Understanding Insect Behavior and Insect-Vertebrate Competition at Multiple Spatial
and Temporal Scales. Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia.
Developed a Geographic Information System-based habitat suitability model for the red-
cockaded woodpecker colonies on the coastal plain of Alabama and Georgia. The model
was developed for use in conjunction with the southern pine beetle risk assessment
model to determine the degree of habitat competition with the red-cockaded
woodpecker.
Carrie, N. Ross, Moore, Kenneth R., Stephens, Stephanie A. & Keith, Eric L. (1996) Long-
distance homing of a translocated red-cockaded woodpecker. The Wildlife Society Bulletin
24(4), 607-609.
Results of observing translocated red-cockaded woodpeckers in Louisiana and other
studies suggest that the birds are capable of homing over long-distances. Homing is an
infrequent occurrence, though the distance between capture and release sites for
translocation needs careful consideration.
Carter, J. H. III. (1982) Flying squirrel found dead at red-cockaded woodpecker cavity. Chat
46(2), 44-45.
Carter, J.H. III. (1995). Habitat Conservation Plan for the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker at the
Jack Primus Tract, Berkeley County, South Carolina. Asheville, NC: U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Endangered Species Field Office.
Carter, J.H. III. (1990) Population Trends and Reproductive Success of the Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker on Three Study Areas in the North Carolina Sand Hills, 1980-1987. Doctoral
disertation, North Carolina State University.
Carter, J.H. III. (1995) The red-cockaded woodpecker: an endangered species in golf country.
USGA Green Section Record 33(4), 8-9.
Carter, J. H. III, et. al. (1989). Restrictors for red-cockaded woodpecker cavities. The Wildlife
Society Bulletin 17(1), 68-72.
Use of restrictors in cavity entrances is discussed. Preliminary data suggest restrictors do
thwart predators, but red-cockaded woodpecker nesting is not any more frequent or
successful as a result of their use.
Cash, George. (1998). The red-cockaded woodpecker. Ecosystem Fact Sheet. Eglin Air Force
Base, Environmental Public Affairs, 13 November 1997. Retrieved February 13, 1998 from the
World Wide Web: http://tw1.eglin.af.mil/46xpe/fact/wpecker.htm
Provides an overview of the red-cockaded woodpecker habitat and conservation efforts
at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Natural resource managers have identified 260,000
acres suitable for red-cockaded woodpecker habitat at the Base.
Cely, John Emmett. (1983). Comments on "Relocating red-cockaded woodpeckers." The Wildlife
Society Bulletin 11(2), 189.
Questions the feasibility of relocating red-cockaded woodpeckers as a management
technique, as described in Odum, et. al., 1982.
Cely, John Emmett. (1985). Red-cockaded woodpecker found dead in cavity. Chat 49(4), 98.
Cely, John Emmett & Karge, Keith. (1992). An insular group of red-cockaded woodpeckers.
Chat 56(1), 2-4.
Chrismer, Gloria Maples. (1996). Landscape Disturbances in Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity
Tree Clusters: Implications for Management. M. S. Thesis, Stephen F. Austin State University.
Red-cockaded woodpecker habitats in Texas national forests were investigated to
determine cause, size, frequency, and sequence of disturbance (natural and
anthropogenic) for canopy gaps.
Clark, A. (1993). Characteristics of timber stands containing sufficient heartwood for cavity
excavation by red-cockaded woodpecker clans. In Brissette, John C (ed), Proceedings of the
Seventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference; Mobile, Alabama, November 17-
19, 1992 (pp. 621-626). General Technical Report SO-93. New Orleans, LA: U. S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station.
Found that fast growing loblolly and longleaf pine stands offer the highest probability of
developing sufficient heartwood for red-cockaded woodpecker cavity excavation at the
earliest age based on a study of 29 loblolly and 22 longleaf pine stands.
Cleaves, D. R., Doherty, Busby, B. & Martel, J. (1994). Cost of protecting red-cockaded
woodpecker habitat: Interaction of parcel and cluster size. In Newman, D.H. & Arnow, M.E.
(eds.), Forest Economics on the Edge: Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth Southern Forest
Economics Workshop (pp. 276-293). Athens, GA: University of Georgia.
Cohn, Jeffrey. (1998) Red-cockaded woodpecker. From the Land To the Sea: The Navy Protects
Endangered Species, U. S. Air Force, Eglin Air Force Base, Environmental Public Affairs
Coordinator, 17. Retrieved February 13, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://128.174.5.51/denix/Public/News/Navy/Outreach/Endangered/pg17.html
Profile of U. S. Navy efforts to restore red-cockaded woodpecker nesting habitat,
damaged by Hurricane Hugo, on the Charleston Naval Weapons Station, South Carolina.
Of the 54 nesting trees on the Station, prior to the storm, only three were found intact
after the storm.
Collazo, Michelle. (1996) The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. Gainesville, FL: University of
Florida, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
Conner, R. N. (1989). Injection of 2,4-D to Remove Hardwood Midstory within Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker Colony Areas. Research Paper SO-251. New Orleans, LA: U. S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station.
Observed red-cockaded woodpeckers in the Angelina National Forest after 2,4-D
herbicide was used to control midstory growth. Suggests the use of less toxic
hexazinone. Indicates that herbicides should only be used once, after which prescribed
burns should be used to control midstory growth.
Conner, R. N. (1981). Fire and cavity nesters. In Prescribed Fire and Wildlife in Southern
Forests: Proceedings of a Symposium; Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, April 6-8, 1981 (pp. 61-
66). Georgetown, SC: Belle W. Baruch Forest Science Institute of Clemson University.
Conner, Richard N., & Locke, Brian, A. (1982). Fungi and red-cockaded woodpeckers cavity
trees. Wilson Bulletin 94(1), 64-70.
Examines internal conditions of red-cockaded woodpecker cavities to determine
presence or absence of decay fungi species and the mode of entry for the heartwood
fungi into cavity trees in east Texas. Found red heart fungus was most common, but six
other species were also identified.
Conner, Richard N. & Rudolph, D. Craig. (1991). Effects of midstory reduction and thinning in
red-cockaded woodpecker cavity tree clusters. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 19(1),
63-66.
Found sudden midstory removal during the non-breeding season did not negatively
affect red-cockaded woodpecker groups or breeding succession in a study performed
near 16 active groups in the national forests of east Texas.
Conner, Richard N. & Rudolph, D. Craig. (1991). Forest habitat loss, fragmentation and red-
cockaded woodpecker populations. Wilson Bulletin 103(3), 446-457.
Measures the loss of mature forest habitat around red-cockaded woodpecker cavity
clusters. Found negative association between habitat loss and group size.
Conner, Richard N. & Rudolph, D. Craig. (1995). Losses of red-cockaded woodpecker cavity
trees to southern pine beetles. Wilson Bulletin 107(1), 81-92.
Examined southern pine beetle infestation on red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees over
an 11 year period on the Angelina National Forest, Texas. During periods of intense red-
cockaded woodpecker population management there was high mortality rate of cavity
trees from southern pine beetles (64%).
Conner, Richard N. & Rudolph, D. Craig. (1989). Red-cockaded Woodpecker Colony Status and
Trends on the Angelina, Davy Crockett, and Sabine National Forests. Research Paper SO-250.
New Orleans, LA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment
Station.
Found that the main reason for population declines in three east Texas national forest
populations of the red-cockaded woodpecker included hardwood in the midstory and
colony isolation. Suggests methods for hardwood control .
Conner, Richard N. & O'Halloran, Kathleen A. (1987). Cavity-tree selection by red-cockaded
woodpeckers as related to growth dynamics of southern pines. Wilson Bulletin 99(3),
398-412.
Sampled 212 red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees and 150 randomly selected mature
pines. Found red-cockaded woodpecker trees were older, taller, had greater crown
depths, volume, weights and diameter breast heights. Suggests the use of the shelterwood
silviculture technique instead of clearcutting near red-cockaded woodpecker colonies in
order to provide more usable habitat.
Conner, Richard N., Snow, Anne E. & Kathleen O'Halloran, Kathleen. (1991) Red-cockaded
woodpecker use of seed-tree/shelterwood cuts in eastern Texas, [USA]. The Wildlife Society
Bulletin 19(1), 67-73.
Suggests shelterwood silviculture technique may reduce fragmentation of red-cockaded
woodpecker populations. The openness and older trees which results from the
shelterwood method benefit red-cockaded woodpeckers by mimicking their preferred
nesting habitat.
Conner, Richard N., Rudolph, D.C. & Bonner, L.H. (1995). Red-cockaded woodpecker
population trends and management on Texas national forests. Journal of Field Ornithology
66(1), 140-151.
During a 1983 to 1993 study, red-cockaded woodpecker populations in Texas national
forests increased as a result of intensive management. Management techniques included:
control of hardwood midstory and understory, thinning of pines in cavity tree areas, use
of cavity restrictors and artificial cavities and translocations to replace lost breeders,
among others.
Conner, Richard N., Rudolph, D. Craig, Kulhavy, David L. & Snow, Ann E. (1991).Causes of
mortality of red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees. Journal of Wildlife Management
55(3), 531-537.
Examined mortality of red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees over a thirteen year period
in the national forests of east Texas. Major causes of mortality for cavity trees were
found to be bark beetles (53%), wind snap (30%), and fire (7%).
Conner, Richard N., Rudolph, D. Craig, Saenz, Daniel & Schaefer, Richard R. (1996). Red-
cockaded woodpecker nesting success, forest structure, and southern flying squirrels in Texas.
Wilson Bulletin 108(4), 697-711.
Determined the flying squirrel occupancy of loblolly-shortleaf pine habitat during a
spring season. Found flying squirrel use of red-cockaded woodpecker cavities was
variable and was not related to the presence or abundance of hardwoods. Observed
several instances of red-cockaded woodpecker nest productivity while flying squirrels
occupied cavities in the same tree.
Conner, Richard N., Rudolph, D. Craig, Schaefer, Richard R. & Saenz, Daniel. (1994).
Heartwood, sapwood, and fungal decay associated with red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees.
Journal of Wildlife Management 58(4), 728-734.
Evaluated internal characteristics of 53 red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees and 53
control trees to determine heartwood diameter, sapwood thickness and presence of
heartwood fungus. Found red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees had thinner sapwood
and greater heartwood diameter. Heartwood decay was not found in trees less than 100
years old.
Conner, Richard N., Rudolph, D. Craig, Schaefer, Richard R. & Saenz, Daniel. (1997). Long-
distance dispersal of red-cockaded woodpeckers in Texas. Wilson Bulletin 109(1),
157-160.
Examines six instances of long-distance dispersal in red-cockaded woodpecker
populations in the Angelina, Davy Crockett and Sabine National Forests, Texas.
Conner, Richard N., Rudolph, D. Craig, Maxey, Ricky M. & Parker, M. Melissa. (1998)
Southern Pine Beetle Infestation of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity Trees. Texas Parks and
Wildlife, 18 August 1997. Retrieved February 13, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/hunt/research/rcwbeetle.htmangered/pg17.html
Found only six red-cockaded woodpecker cavity tress were killed by southern pine
beetles in the nearly 570 trees examined.
Cooper, Jeffrey Lane. (1997). Species Composition and Relative Abundance of Mammals in
Managed Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Colony Sites and Unmanaged Stands. Doctoral
dissertation, Mississippi State University.
Studied small and midsize mammal species composition and abundance in managed and
unmanaged red-cockaded woodpecker colony sites. Found greater species abundance in
the managed Noxubee Wildlife Refuge site than the unmanaged Bienville National
Forest site.
Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia. Red-Cockaded Woodpecker: Picoides
Borealis. The Service. Retrieved February 13, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.forestry.uga.edu/docs/for94-36.htmleetle.htmangered/pg17.html
A profile of the red-cockaded woodpecker's habits and habitat. Includes a generalized
range map.
Copeyon, Carole K. (1990). A technique for constructing cavities for the red-cockaded
woodpecker. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 18(3), 303-311.
Construction guidelines for building artificial red-cockaded woodpecker cavities. During
the study period 80% of the constructed cavities were occupied.
Copeyon, Carole K. An Experimental Test of the Ecological Basis of Cooperative Breeding in
the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker, and Implications for Management. M. S. Thesis, North Carolina
State University.
Copeyon, Carole K., Walters, Jeffrey R. & Carter, J.H. III. (1991). Introduction of red-cockaded
woodpecker group formation by artificial cavity construction. Journal of Wildlife
Management 55(4), 549-556.
Previous studies indicate red-cockaded woodpeckers are reluctant to occupy sites
without sufficient existing cavities. This study suggests reprovisioning can be used on
vacant and abandoned sites in order to stabilize or increase red-cockaded woodpecker
populations.
Corn, M. Lynne. (1993). CRS Report for Congress: The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Federal
Protection. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.
Costa, R. (1992). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Procedures Manual for Private Lands (Draft).
Atlanta, GA: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southern Region.
Costa, R. & Kennedy, E.T. (1994). Red-cockaded woodpecker translocations 1989-1994: State-
of-our knowledge. In American Zoo and Aquarium Association Annual Conference
Proceedings (pp. 74-81). Wheeling, WV: American Zoo and Aquarium Association.
Costa, Ralph & Walker, Joan L. (1995). Red-cockaded woodpecker. In LaRoe, Edward T. (ed.),
Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance, and Health of U.
S. Plants, Animals and Ecosystems (pp. 86-89). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Interior,
National Biological Survey.
An outline of the historical distribution and abundance of the red-cockaded woodpecker
ncluding a comparative range map. Discusses population status and the causes for
decline. Includes a state-by-state count of active clusters which indicates if the cluster is
on federal, state or private land.
Costa, Ralph & Escano, R.E.F. (1989). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker: Status and Management in
the Southern Region in 1986. Technical Publication R8-TP-12. New Orleans, LA: U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region.
Crum, Dave. (1997). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. GeoCites, 1997. Retrieved February 17, 1998
from the World Wide Web: http://www.geocites.com/Heartland/5960/rcockade.htmlhtmangered/pg17.html
A birder's overview of the habitat and biology of the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Csuti, B. (1988) Red-cockaded woodpecker. Conservation Biology 2(2): 136-137.
Discusses some of the debate surrounding conservation efforts related to the red-
cockaded woodpecker.
Daniels, Jean Marie. (1996). Economic Analysis of Property Tax Incentives for Management of
the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker on Private Forest Lands in Texas. Doctoral dissertation, Stephen
F. Austin State University.
Used the discounted cash flow methodology to compare per acre traditional short
rotation loblolly pine management with long rotations needed to manage red-cockaded
woodpecker habitat. Study attempts to determine if incentive programs can help alleviate
the financial impacts for private landowners who maintain endangered species habitat.
DeFazio, John T., et. al. (1987). Red-cockaded woodpecker translocation experiments in South
Carolina. Proceedings of the Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Fish and
Wildlife Agencies 41, 311-317.
Relocation of three female red-cockaded woodpeckers into separate colonies increased
the local population after one nesting season. Flying squirrels were removed from
cavities with nest box traps in order to reduce squirrel use of nesting cavities.
DeLotelle, R. S., Epting, R.J. & Newman, J.R. (1987). Habitat use and territory characteristics of
red-cockaded woodpeckers in central Florida. Wilson Bulletin 99(2), 202-217.
Habitat differences show effects of demographics, social dynamics and reproductive
success between red-cockaded woodpecker populations.
DeLotelle, Roy S. & Epting, Robert J. (1988). Selection of old trees for cavity excavation by
red-cockaded woodpeckers. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 16(1), 48-52.
Results confirm the red-cockaded woodpeckers preference for old-age pine trees for
cavity excavation in longleaf pine forests based on a study of the nesting habitat for two
Florida and one North Carolina populations.
DeLotelle, Roy S. & Epting, Robert J. (1992). Reproduction of the red-cockaded woodpecker in
Central Florida." Wilson Bulletin 104(2), 285-294.
Reiterates the results of DeLotelle, et. al., 1988.
Department of the Army Corps of Engineers. (1983). Wildlife Mitigation Feasibility Study,
Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, Alabama and Mississippi. Mobile, AL: Department of
Army, Corps of Engineers.
Devlin, W. J., Mosher, J.A. & Taylor, G.J. (1980). Potential red-cockaded woodpecker habitat in
Maryland. Natural History Miscellanea 212, 1-7.
After a year-long study of the potential habitat in Maryland suitable for the red-cockaded
woodpecker, the authors found that there were no active colonies. Suggests that
management of marginal red-cockaded woodpecker habitat could promote red-cockaded
woodpecker colonization in Maryland.
Devlin, W. J., Mosher, J.A. & Taylor, G.J. (1980). History and present status of the red-cockaded
woodpecker in Maryland. American Birds 34(3), 314-316.
Found no living red-cockaded woodpeckers in Maryland despite previous sightings in
Patuxent, Gum Swamp, Blackwater, Assateague and Golden Hill.
Dickson, James G. (1991). Birds and mammals of pre-colonial southern old-growth forests.
Natural Areas Journal 11(1), 26-33.
Describes wildlife and habitat of pre-colonial forests. Posits that the red-cockaded
woodpecker was probably abundant in the pre-colonial southeastern longleaf pine forests
because these forests were frequently burned thus resulting in an ideal habitat for the
species.
Dimmick, R. W. (1980). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker in the Great Smoky Mountains National
Park: Their Status and Habitat. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Interior, National Park
Service, Southeast Regional Office, Natural Science and Research Division.
Doerr, Phillip. (1993). Review of "A Stillness in the Pines." Journal of Wildlife Management
57(1), 192-194.
Mixed review of A Stillness in the Pines. Questions some of the data presented, but felt
that the title was a welcome addition to the red-cockaded woodpecker literature.
Doerr, P. D. & Hair, J.D. (1983). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Status in North Carolina. Raleigh,
NC: North Carolina State University.
Doerr, P. D., Walters, J.R. & Carter, J.H.,III. (1990). Reoccupation of abandoned clusters of
cavity trees (colonies) by red-cockaded woodpeckers. Proceedings of the Annual Conference,
Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 43, 326-336.
Ten year study of red-cockaded woodpecker cavity tree cluster occupation in North
Carolina found 93% of clusters occupied while 6.8% were abandoned annually.
Abandoned sites were found to have a 60% chance of reoccupation within a ten year
period.
Dong, Quan. (1991). Demographic Analysis and Stochastic Simulation of a Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker Population on the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, Georgia. M. S. Thesis, Duke
University.
Eddleman, W. R. (1985). An Investigation of the Population Status and Habitat Conditions for
the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker in Missouri. [Jefferson City, MO?]: Missouri Department of
Conservation.
Eddleman, William R. & Clawson, Richard L. (1987). Population status and habitat conditions
for the red-cockaded woodpecker in Missouri, [USA]. Transactions of the Missouri Academy
of Science 21, 105-118.
Found no red-cockaded woodpeckers or active cavities in 122 national forest sites in
Missouri. All cavities found were attributed to other woodpecker species. Discusses the
original range of the red-cockaded woodpecker in Missouri and potential reasons for
why no active colonies were found at the time of the study.
Edwards, J. W., Stevens, E.E. & Dachelet, C.A. (1997). Insert modifications improve access to
artificial red-cockaded woodpecker nest cavities. Journal of Field Ornithology 68(2),
228-234.
Suggests modifications to artificial red-cockaded woodpecker cavity construction.
Modifications make it easier to inspect the interior and do not appear to affect red-
cockaded woodpecker behaviors.
Engstrom, R. T. (1995, September 29). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Behavioral Response to the
Use of Fire Retardant Foaming Agents. Tall Timbers Research Station. Retrieved February 13,
1998 from the World Wide Web: http://fire.r9.fws.gov/ifcc/research/rcwrep.htmlhtmlhtmangered/pg17.html
Discusses the impacts of foam concentrate surfactants, used to control prescribed burns
in cavity stands, on red-cockaded woodpeckers. Found foam could affect birds through
direct contact and accidental ingestion. Suggests sparing use of the foam on ground-level
vegetation at least three meters from cavity trees.
Engstrom, R. T. (1996). Silvicultural practices and red-cockaded woodpecker management: A
reply to Rudolph and Conner. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 24(2), 334-338.
Responds to the Rudolph and Conner, 1996 article about red-cockaded woodpecker
preferences between uneven-aged and even-aged silviculture.
Engstrom, R. Todd & Evans, Gregory W. (1990). Hurricane damage to red-cockaded
woodpecker cavity trees. The Auk 107(3), 608-610.
Reports storm damage to red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees from Tropical Storm
Juan, and Hurricanes Kate and Elena (fall 1985) in the forests of northern Florida and
southern Georgia.
Environmental Defense Fund. (1995). Meet the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. Environmental
Defense Fund. Retrieved Jebruary 13, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.edf.org/want2help/es/redcockadwood.htmlmlhtmangered/pg17.html
Brief overview of red-cockaded woodpecker distribution and conservation efforts
including links to EDF efforts in support of the Endangered Species Act.
Environmental Defense Fund. (1996, May 28). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker "Safe Harbor" for
Landowners Proves Big Success. Environmental Defense Fund News Releases. Retrieved
February 13, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.edf.org/pubs/newsreleases/1996/may/e_ncpk.htmlgered/pg17.html
Environmental Impact on Endangered Animals: Red-Cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides Borealis).
(1998 February). Retrieved February 13, 1998, from the World Wide Web:
http://ananke.advanced.org/2878/tx_red-cockaded_woodpecker.htmlpg17.html
Profile of the Safe Harbors conservation plan in North Carolina which attempts to
harmonize the interests of private landowners and endangered species.
Erbilgin, Nadir. (1997). Dispersion Patterns of Disturbances and Canopy Gaps in Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker Cavity Tree Clusters. M. S. Thesis, Stephen F. Austin State University.
A managed red-cockaded woodpecker habitat in Texas was investigated to determine the
cause, size, frequency and sequence of both natural and anthropogenic disturbance-
caused canopy gaps. The most common cases of disturbances were lightning and bark
beetles.
Erhlich, Paul R., Dobkin, David S. & Wheye, Darryl. (1992). Birds in Jeopardy: The Imperiled
and Extinct Birds of the United States and Canada, Including Hawaii and Puerto Rico.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Synopsis of nesting, food, range and conservation efforts relating to endangered and
threatened birds in North America, including the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Ertep, Serdar A. & Lee, Gregory W. (1994). Use of GRASS to Facilitate Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker Management at Fort Benning Military Reservation. Urban and Regional
Information Association, Spatial Odyssey Database. Retrieved February 17, 1998 from the
World Wide Web: http://wwwsgi.ursus.maine.edu/gisweb/spatdb/urisa/ur94056.htmllpg17.html
Describes the use of Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) to
determine the amount of suitable red-cockaded woodpecker foraging habitat at Fort
Benning, Georgia. With the use of GRASS researchers were able to determine total basal
area and the number of pine stems in significantly less time than traditional field-based
analysis methods.
Everhart, Steven Howard. (1986). Avian Interspecific Utilization of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker
Cavities. Doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State University.
Studies the relationships among measures of midstory vegetation, dead tree density,
cavity nesting bird density and use of red-cockaded woodpecker cavities by other species
in 12 red-cockaded woodpecker groups in south-central North Carolina.
Ferral, D. Pat, Edwards, John W. & Armstrong, Amy E. (1997). Long-distance dispersal of red-
cockaded woodpeckers. Wilson Bulletin 109(1), 154-157.
Found female red-cockaded woodpeckers almost exclusively disperse from their natal
area. Studies seven long-distance dispersal events by both juvenile and adult birds.
Field, R. & Williams, B.K. (1985). Age of cavity trees and colony stands selected by red-
cockaded woodpeckers. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 13(1), 92-96.
Attempts to build a quantitative model of red-cockaded woodpecker nesting habitat
based on data from the literature rather than field work.
Finto, Kevin J. (1995). Reexamining the endangered species act. In TAPPI Proceedings of
International Environmental Conference, Vol. 2 (pp. 1085-1092). Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press.
Provides a detailed description of substantive and procedural requirements of the
Endangered Species Act and some proposals to reduce the economic impacts of its
implementation. Considers case studies of the spotted owl, bald eagle and the red-
cockaded woodpecker with specific emphasis on the pulp and paper industry.
Flather, Curtis H. & King, Rudy M. (1992). Evaluating performance of regional wildlife habitat
models: Implications to resource planning. Journal of Environmental Management
34(1), 31-46.
Regional wildlife habitat models are used to determine the relationship between the
composition of land use and land cover to the abundance or presence of white-tailed
deer, wild turkey and the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Franzeb, K. E. (1997). Success of intensive management of a critically imperiled population of
red-cockaded woodpeckers in South Carolina. Journal of Field Ornithology 68(3), 458-470.
The 1985 red-cockaded woodpecker population at the Savannah River Site, South
Carolina was down to four birds. Using intensive management practices including
translocation, installation of artificial cavities and the removal of competitors yielded
significant growth in the population. The population increased to 19 breeding pairs and
99 birds.
Franzeb, K. E. &Hanula, J.L. (1995). Evaluation of photographic devices to determine nestling
diet of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker. Journal of Field Ornithology 66(2), 253-
259.
Use of several different types of photographic devices were evaluated for their use in
quantifying the diet of nestling red-cockaded woodpeckers. Found that a Nikon F4
camera with flash attachment and Trailmaster sensor was the most successful
combination.
Freeman, J. T. (1984). Woodsman spare that woodpecker! Defenders 59(6), 5-13.
Popular article on the effort to manage red-cockaded woodpecker populations and their
common predators. Provides information on how the public can help red-cockaded
woodpecker conservation efforts.
Fuller, Richard Shane. (1994). Relationships Between Northern Bobwhite Habitat Use and
Forest Stands Managed for Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge.
Doctoral dissertation, Mississippi State University.
Found a strong correlation with the northern bobwhite use of red-cockaded woodpecker
habitats. Both species benefit from habitat management plans that promote low basal
areas and reduced litter.
Gann, Rod M. & Beverlin, Barbara. (1991). New line flows gas from prolific Arkoma basin to
eastern U.S. Oil and Gas Journal 89(6), 4.
Discusses environmental obstacles, including red-cockaded woodpecker populations,
which had to be surmounted in construction of an natural gas pipeline from Oklahoma to
the eastern U.S.
Georgia Department of Natural Resources. (1996). Remnants of a Forest: Georgia's Longleaf
Pine Ecosystem. Atlanta, GA: The Department.
A video exploring Georgia's last remaining longleaf pine stands with a focus on the
plants and animals that depend on this ecosystem to survive, including the red-cockaded
woodpecker.
Gorsira, B., Belfit, S.C. & Cantrell, M.A. (1996). Alleviating conflicts between Army training
and endangered species at Fort Bragg. Federal Facilities Environmental Journal 7(3), 59-
67.
A large proportion of the red-cockaded woodpecker population is located in the
Sandhills region of North Carolina, with the majority of the birds in this area nesting at
the Fort Bragg Military Installation, Camp Mackall, the Sandhills Game Lands and on
private land. The article presents an overview of the efforts between federal, state and
private conservation organizations to protect the red-cockaded woodpecker and its
unique habitat in this area.
Gowaty, Patricia Adair & Lennartz, Michael R. (1985). Sex ratios of nestling and fledgling
red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) favor males. American Naturalist 126(3),
347-353.
Found no relationship between the presence or absence of helpers to progeny sex.
Observed that nestling sex variations may be related to kinship asymmetrics among clan
types. Suggests further research is needed in this area of red-cockaded woodpecker
behavior.
Hacker, W. D. (1994). Growth models loblolly and shortleaf pine red-cockaded woodpecker
nesting trees. The Texas Journal of Science 46(2), 187-198.
Red-cockaded woodpecker nesting trees damaged by a tornado event in the Angelina and
Davy Crockett National Forests, Texas were subjected to a stem analysis.
Hagan, J. M. & Reed, J.M. (1988). Red color bands reduce fledgling success in red-cockaded
woodpeckers. The Auk 105(3), 498-503.
Reduced fledgling success of male red-cockaded woodpeckers tagged with red
monitoring bands was found consistent with the species-recognition hypothesis and
coverable-badge hypothesis. Authors suggest that the inability to hide the red color
bands is detrimental since display of the red cockaded typically signals aggression.
Hagan, J. M. & Reed, J.M. (1989) Response to Hill and Carr. The Auk 106(3), 518-520. [See also
Hill, G. E. and D. E. Carr, 1989.]
Responds that data in the original study (Hagan and Reed, 1988) is accurate.
Haig, S. M., Belthoff, J.R. & Allen, D.H. (1993). Examination of population structure in red-
cockaded woodpeckers using DNA profiles. Evolution 47(1), 185-194.
Studies the degree to which DNA similarity is related to kinship and population structure
in natural populations of the red-cockaded woodpecker in South Carolina.
Haig, S. M., Belthoff, J.R. & Allen, D.H. (1993). Population viability analysis for a small
population of red-cockaded woodpeckers and an evaluation of enhancement strategies.
Conservation Biology 7(2), 289-301.
Performed a series of population pedigree analyses in order to examine viability of small
red-cockaded woodpecker populations in the Savannah River Site, South Carolina.
Found population survival is precarious because of a lack of gene diversity.
Haig, S. M. Bowman, R. & Mullins, T.D. (1996). Population structure of red-cockaded
woodpeckers in south Florida: RAPDs revisited. Molecular Ecology 5(6), 725-7343.
Found significant genetic differentiation within six south Florida red-cockaded
woodpecker populations which were examined for genetic diversity and population
structure. Suggests that translocation of birds between proximate populations is
preferable to movement between distant populations.
Haig, S. M., Rhymer, J.M. & Heckel, D.G. (1994). Population differentiation in randomly
amplified polymorphic DNA of red-cockaded woodpeckers Picoides borealis. Molecular
Ecology 3(6), 581-595.
Random amplified polymorphic (RAPD) DNA phenotypes for 101 birds in 14
populations found no population-specific markers. Results confirm that translocation can
be used as a successful red-cockaded woodpecker management technique.
Haig, S. M., Walters, J.R. & Plissner, J.H. (1994). Genetic evidence for monogamy in the
cooperatively breeding red-cockaded woodpecker. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 34(4),
295-303.
Examined the genetic relationship among parents, offspring and helpers in 224 red-
cockaded woodpeckers from North Carolina. Found that in all but one case DNA profiles
indicated that offspring were sired by putative parents. The exceptional case was sired by
a male external to the studied group.
Hanula, J. L. & Franzeb, K.E. (1995). Arthropod prey of nestling red-cockaded woodpeckers in
the upper coastal plain of South Carolina. Wilson Bulletin 107(3), 485-494.
Four red-cockaded woodpecker cavities were monitored with cameras to determine prey
fed to nestlings. The most common prey fed to nestlings were wood roaches (69.4%),
wood borer larvae (5.4%), lepidoptera larvae (4.5%) and ants (3.1%).
Harlow, Richard F. & Doyle, Arlene T. (1990). Food habitats of southern flying squirrels
collected from red-cockaded woodpecker colonies in South Carolina. American Midland
Naturalist 124(1), 187-191.
Stomach contents of 71 squirrels were collected over a 12 month period in South
Carolina. Most prevalent food items found were starch grains and seed coat parts of
acorns.
Harlow, Richard F., Hopper, Robert G. & Lennartz, Michael R. (1983). Estimating numbers of
red-cockaded woodpecker colonies. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 11(4), 360-363.
Estimated red-cockaded woodpecker population size by using a 460 meter diameter
circles to aggregate individual cavity trees which have been plotted into colony groups.
With use of complimentary check methods, estimates were found to be 80 to 90%
accurate.
Harris, Barbara A. & Jerauld, Ann E. (1982). Extra-hole roosting and changes in hole use by two
juvenile red-cockaded woodpeckers. Florida Field Naturalist 10(1), 21.
Harwood, M. (1983). A clannish problem. Audubon 85(4), 30-32.
A popular article describing the red-cockaded woodpecker's social nesting habits.
Describes conservation efforts.
Hawkins, Diana. (1995). Safe harbors. Endangered Species Bulletin 20(3), 10.
Provides an overview of a conservation plan between the federal government and private
landowners. Landowners agree to terms of protection on private lands and Fish and
Wildlife Service biologists monitor the birds and habitat.
Hayden, Timothy J. (1997). Biological Assessment of the Effects of the Proposed Revision of the
1994 "Management Guidelines for the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker on Army Installations."
USACERL Special Report 97/48. Champaign, IL: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Construction Engineering Laboratories.
Heinrichs, J. & Heinrichs. D.B. (1984) The woodpecker and the pines. American Forests 90(3),
24-26, 46-49.
Overview of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat and conservation methods. Provides a
profile of the conservation efforts of Jerome Jackson, a leading red-cockaded
woodpecker researcher. Includes an historical range map.
Heppell, S. S., Walters, J.R. & Crowder, L.B. (1993). A stage-based model for management of
an endangered cooperative breeder the red-cockaded woodpecker. Bulletin of the
Ecological Society of America 74(Supplement 2), 273-274.
A brief explanation of a hypothesis stating that models of the long term effects for some
management plans may result in the increased survival of the red-cockaded woodpecker
species but do not maintain or increase suitable habitat.
Heppell, S. S., Walters, J.R. & Crowder, L.B. (1994). Evaluating management alternatives for
red-cockaded woodpeckers: A modeling approach. Journal of Wildlife Management 58(3), 479-
494.
Presents a male-only stage-based matrix model for assessing red-cockaded woodpecker
management techniques. Found the most likely way to restore declining red-cockaded
woodpecker habitat was to increase the number of nesting cavities in unoccupied,
suitable habitat.
Hernando, Ernesto J. (1992). A Habitat Suitability Index Model for the Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker. M. S. Thesis, Colorado State University.
Hess, Charles A. (1997). Diet of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker in the Apalachicola National
Forest. M. S. Thesis, Florida State University.
Hill, G. E. & Carr, D.E. (1989). Statistical inference from color banding data. The Auk 106(3),
517-518.
Implies that Hagan and Reed's (1988) data, which implied the use of red color bands to
monitor red-cockaded woodpeckers is detrimental to their reproductive success, is
inaccurately determined.
Hines, Martina. (1993). Some Aspects of the Foraging Behavior of Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers
on the Daniel Boone National Forest in Kentucky. M. S. Thesis, University of Kentucky.
Hipes, D. L. & Jackson, D. R. (1996). Rare vertebrate fauna of Camp Blanding Training Site, a
potential landscape linkage in northeastern Florida. Florida Scientist 59(2), 96-114.
Observed 18 species of rare vertebrates, including the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Suggests the use of more ecologically sensitive practices may promote Camp Blanding
as a viable location for endangered species populations and promote greater biodiversity
in northern Florida and southern Georgia.
Hooper, Robert G. (1982). Use of dead cavity trees by red-cockaded woodpeckers. The Wildlife
Society Bulletin 10(2), 163-164.
Examines the use of dead cavity trees by adult and juvenile red-cockaded woodpeckers.
Hooper, Robert G. (1988). Longleaf pines used for cavities by red-cockaded woodpeckers.
Journal of Wildlife Management 52(3), 392-398.
Examines characteristics and availability of young and old longleaf pines and their use
as red-cockaded woodpecker cavities as well as the population density of the species in
the Osceola, Ocala and Francis Marion National Forests, Florida.
Hooper, Robert G. (1996). Arthropod biomass in winter and the age of longleaf pines. Forest
Ecology and Management 82(1-3), 115-131.
Red-cockaded woodpeckers require arthropod biomass from living pine trees in order to
fulfill their nutrient requirements. The arthropod biomass yield of longleaf pines is
related to the tree's age. Found that the biomass yield increases until the trees are 86
years old, after which the yield declines with increasing age.
Hooper, Robert G & Harlow, Richard F. (1986). Forest Stands Selected by Foraging Red-
Cockaded Woodpeckers. Research Paper SE-259. Asheville, NC: U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.
Study of the foraging habitats of 18 red-cockaded woodpecker clans found that birds
were not very selective in terms of stand age. Found a weak preference towards stand
density, basal area and diameter breast heights.
Hooper, Robert G. & Lennartz. Michael R. (1981). Foraging behavior of the red-cockaded
woodpeckers in South Carolin,. The Auk 98(2), 321-334.
Discusses foraging preferences of male and female red-cockaded woodpeckers. Live
pines were selected over hardwoods. Average foraging height for males was 14.1 meters,
and for females it was 8.7 meters. Observed seasonal differences in foraging sites and
methods.
Hooper, Robert G. & Lennartz. Michael R. (1983). Roosting behavior of red-cockaded
woodpecker clans with insufficient cavities. Journal of Field Ornithology 54(1), 72-76.
Observed open roosting on trunks and limbs of live pines as well as extraterritorial
roosting in cavities of neighboring clans as common behaviors in red-cockaded
woodpecker clans which have insufficient cavities.
Hooper, R. G. & Muse, H.D. (1989). Sequentially Observed Periodic Surveys of Management
Compartments to Monitor Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Populations. Research Paper
SE-276. Asheville, NC: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern
Forest Experiment Station.
Suggests habitat management techniques such as thinning and regeneration of cavity
stands provides opportunities to gather data on cavity trees and populations.
Recommends gathering annual estimates rather than every five to ten years.
Hooper, Robert G., Robinson, Jr., Andrew F. & Jackson, Jerome A. (1980). The Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker: Notes on Life History and Management. General Technical Report SA-GR
9. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region.
Hooper, Robert G., Krusac, Dennis & Carlson, Danny. (1991). An increase in a population of
red-cockaded woodpeckers. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 19(3), 277-286.
Found a red-cockaded woodpecker population in the Francis Marion National Forest,
South Carolina, increased from 427 clans in 1980-1981 to 470 clans in 1987-1988.
Observed that habitat was abandoned at a rate of 1.1% annually.
Hooper, Robert G., Watson, J. Craig & Escano, Ronald E.F. (1990). Hurricane Hugo's initial
effects on red-cockaded woodpeckers in the Francis Marion National Forest. In McCabe,
Richard E. (ed), Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference, 55; Resource Management for the '90s; Denver, Colorado, March 16-21, 1990 (pp.
220-224. Washington, DC: Wildlife Management Institute.
Studying the impacts of Hurricane Hugo on lost habitat (87 percent) and lost population
(67 percent) in the Francis Marion National Forest prompts the authors to suggest that
large populations of red-cockaded woodpecker geographically dispersed may be a key to
the species survival since hurricanes are a regular uncontrollable occurrence in their
habitat range.
Hooper, Robert G., Lennartz, Michael R. & Muse, H. David. (1991). Heart rot and cavity tree
selection by red-cockaded woodpecker. Journal of Wildlife Management 55(2), 323-327.
The use of trees with decayed heartwood by red-cockaded woodpeckers in this study
supports previous studies which indicate that trees with heartwood decay are their
preferred habitat.
Hooper, Robert G., Niles, Lawrence J., Harlow, Richard F. & Wood, Gene W. (1982). Home
ranges of red-cockaded woodpeckers in coastal South Carolina. The Auk 99(4), 675-682.
Observations of 24 red-cockaded woodpecker groups found the average home range to
be 86.9 hectares. Seasonal variations in the size of home ranges between groups and
within groups were related to group size and population density.
Hovis, Julie Anne. (1982). Population Biology and Vegetative Requirements of the Red-
Cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) in Apalachicola National Forest, Florida. M. S.
Thesis, University of Florida.
Hovis, Julie Anne. (1997). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Status on the Goethe State Forest.
Tallahassee, FL: Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission.
Hovis, Julie A. & Labisky, Ronald F. (1985). Vegetative associations of red-cockaded
woodpecker colonies in Florida. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 13(3), 307-314.
Presents quantitative data that red-cockaded woodpeckers prefer open, mature, pine
stands with little undergrowth as their preferred roosting habitat. Results are based on a
study of 42 colonies in five 181 hectare areas in the Apalachicola National Forest.
Hughell, David Alan. (1997). Simulated Adaptive Management for Timber and Wildlife Under
Uncertainty. Doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State University.
Using a spatially-based stochastic 200 year-run simulation model of red-cockaded
woodpecker behavior in conjunction with forest management optimization algorithms
the author identifies production possibilities that benefit timber production and red-
cockaded woodpecker habitat.
Hunt, Frances. (1988). Wildlife issues in national forests. In Chandler, William J. (ed.), Audubon
Wildlife Report 1988/1989 (pp. 101-129). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Examines management plans in national forests for several endangered species including
the red-cockaded woodpecker (pp. 116-119, 122)
Hyde, W. F. (1989). Marginal cost of managing endangered species: The case of the red-
cockaded woodpecker. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research 41(2), 12-19.
Case study for red-cockaded woodpecker management in the Croatan National Forest,
North Carolina suggests costs for management are easy to calculate and can help clarify
management and policy alternatives.
Irwin, L. L. & Wigley, T.B. (1992) Impacts on private forestry of conservation strategies for
threatened and endangered species. In McCabe, Richard E. (ed.), Transactions of the North
American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 57; Crossroads of Conservation: 500
years after Columbus; Charlotte, North Carolina, March 27-April 1, 1992 (pp. 657-664).
Washington, DC: Wildlife Management Institute.
Suggests that promoting private support for landscape-scale conservation techniques and
cooperative management plans in endangered species habitat will increase probability of
survival. Uses the red-cockaded woodpecker as a case study.
Irwin, L. L. & Wigley, T.B. (1993) Toward an experimental basis for protecting forest wildlife.
Ecological Applications 3(2), 213-217.
Authors suggest the use of adaptive management practices over soft inferencing systems.
Uses the red-cockaded woodpecker and spotted owls as case studies.
Jackson, Jerome A. (1981). An Annotated Bibliography of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker.
Aiken, SC: Savannah River National Environmental Research Park, Savannah River Ecology
Lab.
Over 170 citations to the literature of the red-cockaded woodpecker from the species'
first identification to 1980. Citations are annotated with geographic and subject codes,
including: level of data, taxonomy, distribution, habitat, breeding, et. al.
Jackson, Jerome A. (1984). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Studies at the Savannah River Plant,
South Carolina: 1976-1984. Final Technical Summary Report. Prepared for the U. S.
Department of Energy.
Jackson, Jerome A. (1985). An evaluation of aerial survey techniques for red-cockaded
woodpeckers. Journal of Wildlife Management 49(4), 1083-1088.
Comparisons between aerial survey techniques found that the best results occurred with
double coverage perpendicular transects on calm, overcast winter days. Aerial
techniques offer useful alternatives for locating red-cockaded woodpeckers in previously
inaccessible areas.
Jackson, Jerome A. (1986). Biopolitics, management of federal lands, and the conservation of the
red-cockaded woodpecker. American Birds 40(5), 1162-1168.
Summarizes the unique biology and problems resulting from the red-cockaded
woodpecker's endangered species status. Conservation efforts are profiled.
Jackson, Jerome A. (1985). Cavity tree killed by red-cockaded woodpeckers. Chat 49(3), 72-74.
Jackson, Jerome A. (1990) Intercolony movements of red-cockaded woodpeckers in South
Carolina. Journal of Field Ornithology 61(2), 149-155.
Found red-cockaded woodpeckers movement associated with a reduction in the number
of roosting cavities (frequently usurped by southern flying squirrels) and the sudden
removal of understory vegetation within colony sites.
Jackson, Jerome A. (1987). The red-cockaded woodpecker. In DiSilvestro, Roger L. (ed.),
Audubon Wildlife Report 1987 (pp. 479-494). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Overview of the red-cockaded woodpecker's natural history, significance, historical
perspective, population trends, management plans and survival prognosis. Outlines
recommendations for the survival of the species.
Jackson, Jerome A. (1988) The southeastern pine forest ecosystem and its birds: Past, present
and future. In Jackson, J.A. (ed), Bird Conservation 3 (pp. 119-159). Madison, WI: University of
Wisconsin Press.
Discusses the land use and silviculture methods used in southeastern forests in relation to
their impact on the red-cockaded woodpecker. Makes suggestions for improving red-
cockaded woodpecker habitat.
Jackson, Jerome A. (1994) Red-Cockaded Woodpecker: Picoides Borealis. The Birds of North
America no. 85. A joint publication of the Washington, DC: American Ornithologist's Union and
Philadelphia, PA: Academy of Natural Sciences.
Extensive overview of the systematics, range and habitat of the red-cockaded
woodpecker.
Jackson, Jerome A. & Schardein Jackson, Betty J. (1986). Why do red-cockaded woodpeckers
need old trees? The Wildlife Society Bulletin 14(3), 318-322.
Refutes the findings in Field and Williams (1985) and outlines why red-cockaded
woodpeckers need old trees. Indicates preferred characteristics for red-cockaded
woodpecker habitat include: stand density, soil nutrients, water supply, tree size, resin
flow and heartwood to sapwood ratio among others.
Jackson, Jerome A., Schardein, Betty J. & Miller, Patricia Ramey. (1983). Moving red-cockaded
woodpecker colonies: Relocation or phased destruction? The Wildlife Society Bulletin
11(1), 59-62.
Strongly encourages protection of existing red-cockaded woodpecker habitat and the use
of conservation methods other than translocation for population management.
Jackson, J. A., Conner, Richard N. & Jackson, B.J.S. (1986) The effects of wilderness on the
endangered red-cockaded woodpecker. In Kulhavy, D.D. & Conner, Richard N. (eds.)
Wilderness and Natural Areas in the Eastern United States: A Management Challenge (pp. 71-
78). Nacogdoches, TX: Center for Applied Studies, School of Forestry, Stephen F. Austin State
University.
Suggests a fire regime suitable for maintaining red-cockaded woodpecker habitat. Gives
a synopsis of existing red-cockaded woodpecker groups in wilderness areas throughout
the southeastern U.S.
James, D. A., Hart, D.L. & Burnside, F.L. (1981). Study of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker in
Arkansas: Final Report. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas, Department of Zoology.
James, Frances C. (1991).Signs of trouble in the largest remaining population of red-cockaded
woodpeckers. The Auk 108(2), 419-423.
A random sample of 50 out of 186 'active' sites in an eastern district of the Apalachicola
National Forest, Florida found 26% of the sites abandoned and 37% inhabited by a single
bird indicating a potential population crash. Management recovery plans are suggested.
James, F. C., Hess, C.A. & Kufrin, D. (1997). Species-centered environmental analysis: Indirect
effects of fire history on red-cockaded woodpeckers. Ecological Applications 7(1), 118-129.
Suggests environmental factors including insufficient and/or fragmented habitat,
shortage of suitable cavities and demographic isolation limit the size of red-cockaded
woodpecker populations. Studied 87 groups and found that fire driven ecological
processes are another factor impacting population size--affecting both ground cover and
clutch size.
Johnson, Linda K. (1985). Forest Habitat Analysis for Potential Red-Cockaded Woodpecker
(Picoides borealis) Habitat at the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area, Kentucky
and Tennessee. M. S. Thesis, Tennessee Technological University.
Jones, Charles Michael. (1994). Foraging Habitat of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker on the
D'Abonne National Wildlife Refuge. M. S. Thesis, Louisiana Technical University.
Jones, E. P. Jr. (1993) Silvicultural treatments to maintain red-cockaded woodpecker habitat.
In Brissette, John C. (ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research
Conference; Mobile, Alabama, November 17-19, 1992 (pp. 627-632). General Technical
Report SO-93. New Orleans, LA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Forest Experiment Station.
Found the use of an herbicide with summer prescribed burns was the most effective in
controlling midstory growth and hardwood encroachment in pine stands being managed
for red-cockaded woodpecker habitat on the Georgia piedmont.
Joyce, L. A., Flather, C.H, Flebbe, P.A., Hoekstra, T.W. &. Ursic, S.J. (1990). Integrating
forage, wildlife, water and fish projections with timber projections at the regional level: A case
study in southern United States. Environmental Management 14(4), 489-500.
Used a multi-resource modeling framework to link timber management and land-use
policy models to changes in red-cockaded woodpecker colonies. Also measured deer,
turkey and trout abundance, water yield and forage production.
Judge, R. P., Strait, R. & Hyde, W.R. (1985). Economics of endangered species management: the
red-cockaded woodpecker. In Sabol, K. (ed.), Transactions of the North American Wildlife and
Natural Resources Conference, 49; Society's Responsibility in Fish and Wildlife Management;
Boston, Massachusetts, March 23-28, 1984 (pp. 375-381). Washington, DC: Wildlife
Management Institute.
Examines marginal costs associated with realizing a target population of red-cockaded
woodpeckers in the Croatan National Forest, North Carolina. Found that loblolly pine
habitat sites were less expensive to maintain than longleaf pine sites.
Kalisz, Paul J. & Boettcher, Susan E. (1991). Active and abandoned red-cockaded woodpecker
habitat in Kentucky. Journal of Wildlife Management 55(1), 146-154.
Examines the composition, structure and density of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat in
the Daniel Boone National Forest, Kentucky. Found the habitat was comprised of 48%
pine and 52% hardwood, displaying a higher hardwood abundance than related studies.
Kappes, John J. (1993). Interspecific Interactions Associated with Red-Cockaded Woodpecker
Cavities at a North Florida Site. M. S. Thesis, University of Florida.
Keeler, J. E. (1986). Red-cockaded woodpecker. In Mount, R.H. (ed.), Vertebrate Animals of
Alabama in Need of Special Attention (pp. 78-79). Auburn, AL: Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station.
Kelly, Jeffrey F. T. (1991). The Influence of Habitat Quality on the Population Decline of the
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker in the McCurtain County Wilderness Area, Oklahoma. M. S.
Thesis, Oklahoma State University, 1991.
Kelly, Jeffrey, Pletschet, Sandra M. & Leslie, Jr., David M. (1993). Habitat associations of
red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees in an old growth forest of Oklahoma. Journal of
Wildlife Management 57(1), 122-128.
Measures habitat structure at cavity sites, non-use sites and systematically located sites
of the red-cockaded woodpecker in the McCurtain County Wilderness Area, Oklahoma.
Kelly, Jeffrey, Pletschet, Sandra M. & Leslie, Jr., David M. (1994). Decline of the red-cockaded
woodpecker (Picoides Borealis) in southeastern Oklahoma. The American Midland Naturalist
132(2), 275-283.
Surveys of the McCurtain County Wilderness Area, Oklahoma in 1989-1990 located 15
groups of red-cockaded woodpeckers. This was a significant population decline
compared to a survey of the same area in 1977. Suggests periodic burns may improve the
habitat and improve the integrity of the local population.
Kennedy, E. T. (1995). Development and Analysis of Economic Incentives for a Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker Habitat Conservation Plan in South Carolina and Georgia. M. S. Thesis,
Clemson University.
Kennedy, E. T. (1996). Economic incentives: New directions for red-cockaded woodpecker
habitat conservation. Journal of Forestry 94(4), 22-26.
Suggest the use of Transferable Endangered Species Certificates (TESC) which
translocate juvenile red-cockaded woodpeckers off private lands for economic
incentives.
King, Tony & Ashwood, Tom. (1998) Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Strategic Environmental Research and
Development Program. Retrieved February 17, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.esd.ornl.gov/programs/SERDP/rcw.htmlsa/ur94056.htmllpg17.html
Examines the use of ecological models to address land management issues. The red-
cockaded woodpecker case study discusses the viability of managing the species as a
regional metapopulation across its current range.
Klaper, Rebecca Davida. (1995). A Study of the Arthropods and Monoterpene Volatiles
Associated with the Artificial Nesting Cavity and Sap Face of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker,
Picoides Borealis. M. S. Thesis, University of Georgia.
Krusac, D. L. (1992). Is triage necessary with ecosystem management: The longleaf pine
example. In Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 60;
Minneapolis, Minnesota, March 24-29, 1995 (pp. 501-505). Washington, DC: Wildlife
Management Institute.
Suggests landscape-scale approach to managing threatened and endangered species
rather than triage at a local level. Uses the red-cockaded woodpecker in the southern
U.S. as a case study.
Krusac, D. L. & Dabney, J.M. (1991). Red-cockaded woodpecker recovery: An ecological
approach. In Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference, 59; Anchorage, Alaska, March 18-23, 1991 (pp. 386-394). Washington, DC:
Wildlife Management Institute.
An overview of Fish and Wildlife Service and Forest Service red-cockaded woodpecker
recovery plans in southern national forests.
Krusac, D. L., Dabney, J.M. & Petrick, J.J. (1994). An ecological approach to managing southern
national forests for red-cockaded woodpecker recovery. Proceedings of the AnnualConference,
Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 48, 374-382.
Suggests a landscape-scale habitat management plan for an 810,000 hectare area
consisting of habitat management areas. Management Intensity Levels (MIL) would be
based on red-cockaded woodpecker population size.
Kulhavy, David L., Hooper, Robert G. & Costa, Ralph, eds. (1995). Papers from the Red-
cockaded Woodpecker Symposium III: Species Recovery, Ecology ad Management; North
Charleston, South Carolina, January 24-28, 1993. Nacogdoches, TX: Center for Applied
Studies, College of Forestry, Stephen F. Austin State University.
Kulhavy, D. L., Mitchell, J.H. & Conner, R.N. (1988). The southern pine beetle and the red-
cockaded woodpecker: potential for interaction. In Payne, T.L. & Saarenmaa, H. (eds.),
Integrated Control of Scolytid Bark Beetles, IUFRO Working Party and the XVII
InternationalCongress of Entomology Symposium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, July 4,
1988. (pp. 337-343). Blacksburg, VA: College of Agriculture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University.
Kulhavy, D. L. [et. al.]. (1991). Silviculture and the red-cockaded woodpecker: Where do we go
from here? In Coleman, Sandra S. & Neary, David G. (eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth Biennial
Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. Vol. 2; Memphis, Tennessee, October 30-November
1, 1990 (pp. 786-794). General Technical Report SE-70. Asheville, NC: U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 2 vol.
Examines red-cockaded woodpecker management techniques. Looks at hazard risk
ratings for the Texas hazard system and the National Forest risk system. Research into
resin flow, plant moisture stress and catastrophic losses is presented.
LaBranche, Melinda Sue. (1992). Asynchronous Hatching, Brood Reduction and Sex Ratio
Biases in Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers. Doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State University.
A study of a population of red-cockaded woodpeckers in the Sandhills of North Carolina
found variation in red-cockaded woodpecker clutch size may be environmentally
induced.
LaBranche, Melinda Sue. (1988). Reproductive Ecology of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker in
the Sandhills of North Carolina. M. S. Thesis, North Carolina State University.
LaBranche, Melinda S. & Walters, Jeffrey R. (1994). Patterns of mortality in nests of red-
cockaded woodpeckers in the Sandhills of south-central North Carolina. Wilson Bulletin 106(2),
258-271.
Measured a 43 percent mortality rate for an observed red-cockaded woodpecker nesting
period. Nests made earlier in the season had significantly lower mortality rates than
those made later in the season.
LaBranche, Melinda S., Walters, Jeffrey R. & Laves, Kevin S. (1994). Double brooding in red-
cockaded woodpeckers. Wilson Bulletin 106(2), 403-408.
Observed seven occurrences of cooperatively breeding red-cockaded woodpeckers which
produced a second brood after young were successfully fledged from the first brood.
Lancia, Richard A. & Adams, David A. (1985). A test of habitat suitability index models for five
bird species. Proceedings of the Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Fish and
Wildlife Agencies 39, 412-419.
Found that the Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) did not perform well when used with the
red-cockaded woodpecker, perhaps because of the low number of birds observed.
Lancia, Richard A., Roise, Joseph P., Adams, David A. & Lennartz, Michael R. (1989).
Opportunity cost of red-cockaded woodpecker foraging habitat. Southern Journal of Applied
Forestry 13(2), 81-85.
Indicates forest crop rotation ranges are related to the opportunity costs of managing red-
cockaded woodpecker habitat. Suggests 60, 79 and 95 year crop rotations.
Larkin, Ronald P., Margoliash, Daniel & Kogan, Joseph A. (1996).Recognition of the utterances
of terrestrial wildlife: A new approach. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99(4 part
2), 2532.
Suggests the use of recorded vocalizations as a possible survey technique for red-
cockaded woodpeckers.
Laves, Kevin S. (1996). Effects of Southern Flying Squirrels, Glaucomys Volans, on Red-
Cockaded Woodpecker, Picoides Borealis, Reproductive Success. M. S. Thesis, Clemson
University.
Lennartz, M. R. & Henry, V.G. (1985). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Recovery Plan (Revision).
Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
Lennartz, Michael R. (1988). The red-cockaded woodpecker: Old-growth species in a second
growth landscape. Natural Areas Journal 8(3), 160-165.
Suggests that management practices for old growth forests which only focus on habitat
preservation need to be broadened to include strategies which promote habitats
appropriate for multiple species.
Lennartz, Michael R. (1983). Sociality and Cooperative Breeding of Red-Cockaded
Woodpeckers, Picoides Borealis. Doctoral dissertation, Clemson University.
Lennartz, Michael R. & Heckel, David G. (1988). Population dynamics of red-cockaded
woodpecker population in Georgia Piedmont loblolly pine habitat. In Odum, Ron R.,
Riddleberger, Kenneth A. & Ozler, James C. (eds.), Third Southeastern Nongame and
Endangered Wildlife Symposium; Athens, Georgia, August 8-10, 1987 (pp. 48-55). Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Department of Natural Resources.
Lennartz, Michael & Metteaur, J.D. (1986). Test of a population estimation technique for
red-cockaded woodpeckers. Proceedings of the Annual Conference, Southeastern
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 40, 320-324.
Application of a population estimate technique to a red-cockaded woodpecker
population on the Georgia piedmont yielded results which were accurate within 8% of
the true population size.
Lennartz, M. R. & Stangel, P. W. (1989). Few and far between. Living Bird Quarterly 8(4), 14-
20.
Summarizes the status and conservation history of the red-cockaded woodpecker in the
southeastern U. S. with specific emphasis on the efforts around the Savannah River Site,
South Carolina.
Lennartz, Michael R., Hooper, Robert G. & Harlow, Richard F. (1987). Sociality and cooperative
breeding of red-cockaded woodpeckers, Picoides borealis. Behavioral Ecology and
Sociobiology 20(2), 77-88.
Studied demographic structure of red-cockaded woodpecker groups, the role of helpers
in reproductive activities and the selective pressures promoting sociality and helping
behavior.
Lessells, C. M. & Avery, M.I. (1987). Sex-ratio selection in species with helpers at the nest:
Some extensions of repayment model. American Naturalist 129(4), 610-620.
Indicates helpers at nests may act as a selection pressure resulting in biased sex ratios in
red-cockaded woodpecker groups.
Ligon, J. D., Stacey, P.B., Conner, Richard N., Bock, C.E. & Adkisson, C.S. (1986). Report of
the American Ornithologists' Union committee for the conservation of the red-cockaded
woodpecker. The Auk 103(4), 848-855.
Presents an evaluation of the current status and conservation efforts towards the red-
cockaded woodpecker. Report provides suggestions for improving habitat management
programs, reducing fragmented populations and increasing public involvement.
Ligon, J. D. et al. (1991). The red-cockaded woodpecker: On the road to oblivion? The Auk
108(1), 200-201.
Implies that the red-cockaded woodpecker will survive with compromises on silviculture
practices, increased political and public support and additional ornithological studies.
Lipske, Michael. (1996). Finding a future for an endangered bird. National Wildlife 34(3), 42-45.
Discuses the Safe Harbors plan for the cooperative protection of red-cockaded
woodpeckers between private landowners and federal and state conservation agencies.
Also gives an overview of the birds habitat and characteristics.
Locke, Brian Alvin. (1980). Colony Site Selection by Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers in East
Texas. M. S. Thesis, Stephen F. Austin State University.
Loeb, S. C. (1993). Use and selection of red-cockaded woodpecker cavities by southern flying
squirrels. Journal of Wildlife Management 57(2), 329-335.
Studies red-cockaded woodpecker cavity use in central Georgia over four breeding
seasons. The southern flying squirrel accounted for only 10-20% of cavity use, other
avian use was found to be between 4-8 percent.
Loeb, S. C., Pepper, W.D. & Doyle, A.T. (1992).Habitat characteristics of active and abandoned
red-cockaded woodpecker colonies. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 16(3),
120-125.
Suggests hardwood and pine density in the midstory of red-cockaded woodpecker
habitats needs to be managed. Midstory management should be applied to the entire red-
cockaded woodpecker habitat not just near cavity trees.
Loope, Lloyd, Duever, Michael, Herndon, Alan, Snyder, James & Jansen, Deborah. (1994).
Hurricane impact on uplands and freshwater swamp forest. BioScience 44(4), 238-246.
Damage to a red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees from Hurricane Hugo in the Francis
Marion National Forest is described: 6 percent uprooted, 45 percent snapped, 36 percent
broken trunks and 12 percent intact.
Lotter, Deanna M. (1997). Factors Influencing Southern Flying Squirrel Use of Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker Cavities at Savannah River Site, South Carolina. M. S. Thesis, Clemson
University.
Lucas, Kathleen Elizabeth. Modeling Avian Responses to Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat
Management in Loblolly Pine Forests of East-Central Mississippi. M. S. Thesis,
Mississippi State University.
MacFarlane, Robert W. (1992). A Stillness in the Pines: The Ecology of the Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker. New York: Norton.
One of few full-length commercial monographs related to the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Surveys the ecology, life history and conservation efforts of the species.
Maguire, L. A., Wilhere, G.F. & Dong, Q. (1995). Population viability analysis for red-cockaded
woodpeckers in the Georgia piedmont. Journal of Wildlife Management 59(3), 533-542.
Using two parameter stochastic modeling the authors evaluated the risk of red-cockaded
woodpecker extinction in the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge and Hitchiti
Experimental Forest, Georgia. Results indicated both a possibility of extinction as well
as an increasing population. As no definitive results were obtained authors suggest
management practices to decrease juvenile mortality.
Manor, Phillip Douglas. (1990). Demography of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker in the Sandhills
of North Carolina. M. S. Thesis, North Carolina State University.
Masters, R. E., Skeen, J.E. & Garner, J.A. (1989). Red-cockaded woodpecker in Oklahoma
[USA]: An update of Wood's 1974-1977 study. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of
Science 69, 27-32.
The Oklahoma population of red-cockaded woodpeckers is in decline according to a
1985-1987 reevaluation of sites observed in 1974-1977. 51% of the sites previously
occupied were vacant during the second survey. Decline is blamed on changes in land
use as well as habitat succession.
Masters, Ronald E., Wilson, Christopher W., Bukenhofer, George A. & Payton, Mark E.
(1996). Effects of pine-grassland restoration for red-cockaded woodpeckers on white-tailed deer
forage production. The Wildfire Society Bulletin 24(1), 77-84l.
Found prescribed burns and stand thinning improved foraging production for both the
red-cockaded woodpecker and the white-tailed deer.
McGriff, J. A. (1992). Implementing habitat management decisions. In Proceedings of the
Annual Forest Vegetation Management Conference; Eureka, California, January 14-16, 1992
(pp. 6-11). Redding, CA: The Conference.
McNair, D. B. (1985). Status of three colonies of red-cockaded woodpeckers at Pee Dee National
Wildlife Refuge, Anson County, North Carolina. Chat 49(3), 75-78.
Mersmann, Tim. (1991-92). Ecological restoration for the Homochitto National Forest, red-
cockaded woodpecker. The Blue Darter: a Newsletter for Fisheries, Wildlife and Range, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Region 8, 8 (Winter), 9-11.
Meyers, Steven Patrick. (1996). Opportunity Costs of Implementing the Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker Procedures Manual for Private Lands. M. S. Thesis, Auburn University.
Miles, Bruce R. (1988). Federally-mandated protection of red-cockaded woodpeckers or 'spotted
owl' found in Texas. Forest Farmer 48(2), 17-18.
Examines a potential legal case against red-cockaded woodpecker forest management in
Texas. Compares the impact of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat maintenance in the
southeast to the spotted owl situation in the Pacific Northwest.
Mitchell, James Henry. (1987). Hazard and Risk Rating of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Colony
Areas and Relative Susceptibility of Cavity Trees to the Southern Pine Beetle. M. S. Thesis,
Stephen F. Austin University.
Mitchell, J. H., Kulhavy, D. L., Conner, R.N. & Bryant, C.M. (1991). Susceptibility of red-
cockaded woodpecker colony areas to southern pine beetle infestation in east Texas. Southern
Journal of Applied Forestry 15(3), 158-162.
Rated seven red-cockaded woodpecker colonies for hazard susceptibility to southern
pine beetles. Found pine beetle activity did not correlate to hazard ratings. Suggests the
use of an alternative model which takes into account stand characteristics, disturbances,
cavity tree condition and the presence of other bark beetle species.
Montague, Warren G. (1995). Cavity protection techniques for red-cockaded woodpeckers.
Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science 49, 115-120.
Describes techniques for preventing damage to artificial cavities and deterring the use of
artificial cavities by southern flying squirrels.
Morton, J. F. (1994). The black olive (Bucida buceras L.), a tropical timber tree, has many faults
as an ornamental. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Florida State Horticultural
Society 106; Miami Beach, FL, October 19-21, 1993 (pp. 338-343). Lake Alfred, FL: The
Society.
Murphy, Ginger A. (1981). 1981 status of the red-cockaded woodpecker on the Daniel Boone
National Forest. Kentucky Warbler 58(3), 43-47.
Murphy, Ginger A. (1982). Status, Nesting Habitat, Foraging Ecology, and Home Range of the
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) in Kentucky. M. S. Thesis, Eastern Kentucky
University.
Neal, J. C., Montague, W.G. & James, D.A. (1993). Climbing by black rat snakes on cavity trees
of red-cockaded woodpeckers. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 21(2), 160-165.
Examines the effectiveness of net snake traps and frequency of predation by black rate
snakes on red-cockaded woodpecker cavities.
Neal, Joseph C., James, Douglas A., Montague, Warren G. & Johnson, James E. (1993). Effects
of weather and helpers on survival of nestling red-cockaded woodpeckers. Wilson Bulletin
105(4), 666-673.
Explores the importance of helpers in red-cockaded woodpecker breeding and rearing.
Nesbitt, Stephen A., Harris, Barbara A., Repenning, Robert W. & Brownsmith, C. Barbara.
(1982). Notes on red-cockaded woodpecker study techniques. The Wildlife Society Bulletin
10(2), 160-163.
Discusses the use of radio telemetry as a useful tool for studying the red-cockaded
woodpecker.
Nicholson, Charles P. (1980). Red-cockaded woodpecker colony in Campbell county, Tennessee.
Migrant 51(4), 89.
Red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees were found on Pine Mountain in Campbell
county, Tennessee. This was the first known colony observed in the county.
Nickens, Eddie. (1992). Meet red-cockaded woodpecker: An endangered species cause celebre.
Wildlife Conservation 95(3), 68-70.
Surveys the red-cockaded woodpecker conservation efforts and controversy surrounding
them.
Nickens, Eddie. (1993). Woodpecker wars. American Forests 99(1-2), 28-32, 54-55.
Outlines the red-cockaded woodpecker conservation efforts and profiles some of the
species' 'hot pockets' located in the Apalachicola National Forest, Florida; Sandhills of
North Carolina; Kisatchie National Forest, Louisiana and the Francis Marion National
Forest, South Carolina. Provides a case study for a population located at Ft. Benning,
Georgia.
Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. (1998). Status of Listed Species and Recovery Plan
Development: Red-Cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides Borealis)^xEndangered, South
Carolina. Department of the Interior, National Biological Survey. Retrieved February 13, 1998
from the World Wide Web:
http://www.npsc.nbs.gov/resource/distr/others/recoprog/states/species/picobors.htm
Profiles the current status of the red-cockaded woodpecker population, conservation
achievements and partnerships, and recovery needs in South Carolina. Includes a
distribution map of red-cockaded woodpeckers in South Carolina.
Odom, R. R., Rappole, J., Evans, J., Charbonneau, D. & Palmer, D. (1982). Red-cockaded
woodpecker relocation experiment in coastal Georgia. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 10(3), 197-
203.
Examines results of moving 12 red-cockaded woodpeckers from five different clans
from Ft. Stewart Army Base to St. Catherines Island in Georgia. Three birds were killed,
five were still accounted for at the end of the study period, and successful breeding
occurred at one insert. Aggression by competing species did dislocate some red-
cockaded woodpeckers.
Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. (1993). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides
borealis) Recovery on the McCurtain County Wilderness Area (MCWA). Oklahoma City, OK:
The Department.
Ortego, Brent and Dan Lay. (1988) Status of red-cockaded woodpecker colonies on private land
in east Texas. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 16(4), 403-405.
Since 75% of the red-cockaded woodpecker's preferred habitat exists on private land,
incentives for private land owners are necessary to preserve habitat. On private land
where red-cockaded woodpecker habitat declines at a rate of 4.4 percent per year, short
rotation forestry methods resulted in the most detrimental impacts.
Ortego, B., Conner, Richard N. & Craig, Rudolph D. (1988). Status of the red-cockaded
woodpecker in Texas, 1985-1987. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 21(1-2), 22-24.
Parker, Melissa. (1998). Cooperative Efforts to Help the Endangered Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker. Texas Parks and Wildlife, 8 August 1996. Retrieved February 13, 1998 from the
World Wide Web: http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/nature/research/cooprcw.htmstates/species/picobors.htm
Describes Texas Parks and Wildlife Department involvement in red-
cockadedwoodpecker conservation efforts in Texas.
Patterson, G. A. & Robertson, Jr., W.B. (1981). Distribution and Habitat of the Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker in the Big Cypress National Preserve. Homestead, FL: South Florida
Research Center.
Pease, C. M. & Fowler, N.L. (1997). A systematic approach to some aspects of conservation
biology. Ecology 78(5), 1321-1329.
Suggests the use of ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA) models to assess database
completeness, management plans and theoretical models for species conservation. Uses
the red-cockaded woodpecker as a case study.
Pelligrine, Matt. (1992). Potential Impact of Southern Pine Beetle on Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker Colonies on the Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge, Mississippi. M. S. Thesis,
Mississippi State University.
Pestana, Karen E. (1986) Remote sensing technique for identifying potential red-cockaded
woodpecker habitat. In Singer, Francis J. (ed.), Proceedings, Fourth Triennial Conference on
Research in the National Parks and Equivalent Reserves: Wildlife Management and Habitats,
Vol. 2; Fort Collins, Colorado, July 13-18, 1986 (pp. 1060116). [Hancock, MI?]: George Wright
Society and Washington, DC: U. S. National Park Service.
Peters, Robert L. (1996). Hope for the red-cockaded? Defenders 71(4), 2.
Phillips, Douglas Jay. (1994). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. Tuscaloosa, AL: Alabama State
Museum of Natural History.
A video profiling the environmental controversy surrounding the red-cockaded
woodpecker and the importance of biodiversity in Alabama.
Phillips, Pamela Caroline.(1989). Public Policy Decisions when Scientific Evidence is Disputed:
Forest Wilderness Areas and Control of the Southern Pine Beetle. Doctoral dissertation, The
University of Texas at Dallas.
Examined the implications of a decision to cut pine trees in wilderness areas in order to
control southern pine beetles and the impact of this decision on red-cockaded
woodpecker habitat.
Pizzoni-Ardemani, Armando. (1990). Sexual Dimorphism and Geographic Variation in the
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. M. S. Thesis, North Carolina State University.
Porter, M. L. (1984). Home Range and Foraging Requirements of the Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) in Pine Habitats of North Florida. M. S. Thesis, University of
Florida at Gainesville.
Porter, M. L. and Labisky, R.F. Home range and foraging habitat of red-cockaded woodpecker in
northern Florida. Journal of Wildlife Management 50(2), 239-247.
Foraging and home ranges of red-cockaded woodpeckers in the Apalachicola National
Forest were seasonally consistent. There were observed preferences for foraging in live
pines. Study compares results with the foraging and home ranges of a red-cockaded
woodpecker population in the Francis Marion National Forest, South Carolina.
Porter, M. L, Collopy, M.W. & Littell, R.C. Foraging behavior of red-cockaded woodpecker:
An evaluation of research methodologies. Journal of Wildlife Management 49(2),
505-507.
Examines red-cockaded woodpecker foraging behaviors by sex. Found very little
differences between male and female foraging habits.
Price, Jeff. (1995). Ranges of North American Breeding Birds: Visualizing Long-Term
Population in North American Breeding Birds. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center.
Retrieved February 13, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.npsc.nbs.gov/resources/distr/breeding/breedrng/breedrng.htm#woodpeckers
Distribution maps for the periods 1970-1974, 1975-1979, 1980-1984 and 1985-1989 for
North American breeding bird species, including the red-cockaded woodpecker. Maps
are based on U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service Breeding
Bird Survey (BBS) data.
Pulliam, H.R., Liu, J., Dunning Jr.,J.B, Stewart, D.J. & Bishop, T.D. Modeling animal
populations in changing landscapes. IBIS 137 (Supplement 1), S120-S126.
Using Mobile Animal Population (MAP) models the authors show the impact of red-
cockaded woodpecker management upon other endangered species at the SavannahRiver
Site.
Ramey, Patricia. (1980). Seasonal, Sexual and Geographical Variation in the Foraging Ecology
of Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers. M. S. Thesis, Mississippi State University.
Raulston, Barbara E. (1992). Effects of Cavity Restrictors on Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers. M.
S. Thesis, University of Arkansas.
Raulston, B.E., James, D.A. & Johnson, J.E. (1996). Effects of cavity-entrance restrictors on red-
cockaded woodpeckers. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 24(4), 694-698.
Found restrictors do not negatively affect red-cockaded woodpeckers, in a study of 40
Cavities (20 with restrictors and 20 without restrictors) in the Bienville NationalForest,
Mississippi.
Reaves, Dixie Watts. (1993). Valuing an Endangered Species and Its Habitat: An Application of
the Contingent Valuation Method. Doctoral dissertation, Duke University.
Estimates the economic value of the loss of red-cockaded woodpecker populations and
habitat in the Francis Marion National Forest as a result of Hurricane Hugo.
Recupero, Lisa A. (1996, September). The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker: A Bibliography. North
Carolina State University, Natural Resources Library. Updated Jo Bohanan, September 1996.
Retrieved February 13, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/libraries/natural/rcwbib.htmldrng/breedrng.htm#woodpeckers
A guide to red-cockaded woodpecker literature for the years 1980-1993, updated in part
in 1996, with an emphasis on the holdings for the University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill; North Carolina State University and Duke University libraries.
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. (1997). Cecil Community College. Retrieved February 17, 1998
from the World Wide Web:
http://clab.cecil.cc.md.us/faculty/biology/Chesapeake/woodpecker.htmlm#woodpeckers
A student biology project on the ecosystem of the Chesapeake Bay includes a profile of
the habitat and characteristics of the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Reed, J. Michael. (1988). An evaluation of indices of red-cockaded woodpecker populations: An
independent test of the circular scale technique. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 16(4),
406-410.
Found a circular scale technique for measuring red-cockaded woodpecker populations
accurate although it significantly underestimated the number of groups in the study.
Suggests the use of a ratio of active cavities to adults as a more reliable index.
Reed, J. Michael. (1989). Some Aspects of Vertebrate Conservation, with Particular Attention to
the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. Doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State University.
Applies a new equation for determining effective population size to the red-cockaded
woodpecker.
Reed, J. M. & Walters, J.R. (1996). Helper effects on variance components of fitness in the
cooperatively breeding red-cockaded woodpecker. The Auk 113(3), 608-616.
Found that helpers did not affect variance in breeder survival but did affect reproductive
success at nests that produced young. Similar results may be impacted by habitat quality.
Reed, J. M., Doerr, P.D. & Walters, J.R. (1988). Minimum viable population size of the red-
cockaded woodpecker. Journal of Wildlife Management 52(3), 385-391.
Authors calculate a genetically based minimum population for red-cockaded
woodpeckers using life history data and a formula derived from Hill (1972). Determines
the minimum viable population must contain 5o per cent breeding pairs requiring an area
greater than or equal to 25,450 hectares.
Reed, J. M., Walters, J.R., Emigh, T.E. & Seaman, D.E. (1993). Effective population size in red-
cockaded woodpeckers population and model differences. Conservation Biology 7(2),
302-308.
Analyzes the viability for three red-cockaded woodpecker populations from different
regions with two different models for estimating loss of genetic viability. Found a wide
variation in the ratio of effective population size to breeder population size.
Renken, Rochelle B. & Wiggers, E.P. (1989). Forest characteristics related to pileated
woodpecker territory size in Missouri. Condor 91(3), 642-652.
Compares habitat requirements of the pileated woodpecker to red-cockaded woodpecker
requirements and influences.
Repanshek, Kurt. (1996). Species protection: New incentives for landowners. Technology
Review 99(7), 17.
Examines the financial impacts of the Endangered Species Act on private landowners.
Studies a group of red-cockaded woodpeckers on private land on the coastal plain of
North Carolina.
Repasky, Richard R. (1984). Utilization of Home Range and Foraging Substrates by Red-
Cockaded Woodpeckers. M. S. Thesis, North Carolina State University.
Repasky, Richard R. & Doerr, Phillip D. (1991). Home range and substrate use by two family
groups of red-cockaded woodpeckers in the North Carolina Sandhills. Brimleyana 17, 37-52.
Average year round home range was 159 hectares. Authors observed that most foraging
occurred in live pines and found that food limitation, if present, was most severe in the
early winter.
Repasky, Richard R., Blue, Roberta J. & Doerr, Phillip D. (1991). Laying red-cockaded
woodpecker cache bone fragments. Condor 93(2): 458-461.
Anecdotal observation of a nesting female red-cockaded woodpecker obtaining and
caching bone fragments as a potential source of calcium.
Richardson, David M. & Smith, David L. (1992). Hardwood removal in red-cockaded
woodpecker colonies using a sheer V-blade. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 20(4), 428-433.
Found the use of a shear V-blade to remove hardwood encroachment in red-cockaded
woodpecker group habitats was a cost effective method of removal without displacing
woodpeckers.
Robertson, William B. & Patterson, Gary A. (1982). Historical and present occurrences of the
red-cockaded woodpecker in southern Florida. Florida Scientist 41 (Supplement 1), 39.
Roise, Joseph P., et. al. (1990). Red-cockaded woodpecker habitat and timber management:
Production possibilities. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 14(1), 6-12.
Using multiple objective linear programming, the authors present management
techniques to increase red-cockaded woodpecker habitat slowly over time without
causing negative financial impacts on timber rotations in southern pine habitats.
Roise, Joseph P., Chung, Joosan & Lancia, Richard. (1991). Red-cockaded woodpecker habitat
management and longleaf pine straw production: An economic analysis. Southern
Journal of Applied Forestry 15(2), 88-92.
Provides an economic analysis of the use of the shelterwood silviculture technique in
longleaf pine forests that contain both pine straw and timber markets. Suggests that the
long rotations needed for red-cockaded woodpecker habitat would benefit the pine straw
market.
Ross, William Griff. (1995). Resin Flow in Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity Trees: Site and
Stand Influences and Management Implications. Doctoral dissertation, Stephen F. Austin State
University.
Resin flow and xylem moisture potential were measured in loblolly, shortleaf and
longleaf pines in the Angelina, Davy Crockett National Forests in Texas and
Apalachicola National Forest in Florida. Resin flow was found to vary by species as
suggested by the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis.
Ross, W. G. (1993). Evaluating susceptibility of red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees to
southern pine beetle in Texas. In Brissette, John C. (ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh Biennial
Southern Silvicultural Research Conference; Mobile, Alabama, November 17-19, 1992 (pp. 547-
553). General Technical Report SO-93. New Orleans, LA: U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station.
Measured resin flow and xylem moisture, as indications of pine bark beetle
susceptibility, in loblolly and shortleaf pines in the Angelina and Davy Crockett National
Forests, Texas. Found no significant difference in measured factors, suggesting that
habitat management is needed to ensure red-cockaded woodpecker habitat.
Ross, W. G., Kulhavy, D.L. & Conner, R.N. (1997). Stand conditions and tree characteristics
affect quality of longleaf pine for red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees. Forest Ecology and
Management 91(2-3), 145-154.
Measured the resin flow of 11 longleaf pines in red-cockaded woodpecker habitat in the
Angelina National Forest, Texas and the Apalachicola National Forest, Florida. Results
indicate that the best active red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees, from a resin flow
perspective, are on or near the forest edges.
Ross, W. G., Kulhavy, D.L., Conner, R.N. & Sun, J. (1991). Physiology of red-cockaded
woodpecker cavity trees: Implications for management. In Coleman, Sandra S. & Neary, David
G. (eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, Vol. 2.;
Memphis, Tennessee, October 30-November 1, 1990 (pp. 558-566). General Technical Report
SE-70. Asheville, NC: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest
Experiment Station. 2 vol.
Resin flow and tree moisture stress were used as potential indications of pine bark beetle
infestations in red-cockaded woodpecker cavities. Results suggest that susceptibility
varies by site, tree species and host tree condition.
Rossell, C. Reed Jr. and Britcher, Jacqueline J. (1994). Evidence of plural breeding by red-
cockaded woodpeckers. Wilson Bulletin 106(5), 557-559.
Observed a group of red-cockaded woodpeckers at Fort Bragg, North Carolina that had
two nests and an unrelated female helper. Plural nesting had not previously been an
observed red-cockaded woodpecker behavior. The authors suggest that this may have
occurred because of limited breeding opportunities in the area.
Rossell, C. Reed Jr. & Gorsira, Bryan. (1996). Assessment of condition and availability of active
red-cockaded woodpecker cavities. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 24(1), 21-24.
Examined condition and general characteristics of active red-cockaded woodpecker
cavities in relation to cavities used by other species. Found red-cockaded woodpeckers
and flying squirrels preferred different cavity types.
Rudolph, D. Craig & Conner, Richard N. (1991). Cavity tree selection by red-cockaded
woodpecker in relation to tree age. Wilson Bulletin 103(3), 458-467.
Aged 1350 red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees and found that birds select the oldest
tress. These results suggest that the current average age of existing cavity trees may not
provide the optimum habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Rudolph, D. Craig & Conner, Richard N. (1988). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Colony Status on
the Sam Houston National Forest: A Report to the National Forest System. Nacogdoches, TX:
Wildlife Habitat and Silviculture Laboratory, Southern Forest Experiment Station.
Rudolph, D. Craig & Conner, Richard N. (1994). Forest fragmentation and red-cockaded
woodpecker population: An analysis at intermediate scale. Journal of Field Ornithology 65(3),
365-375.
Survey of 128 active clusters in the Sam Houston National Forest, Texas, found a
correlation between pine stands of 60 years old to the number of red-cockaded
woodpeckers per group. Authors posit that the fragmentation of forests in excess of 60
years of age by younger stands is impacting the demographics of the population.
Rudolph, D. Craig & Conner, Richard N. (1996). Red-cockaded woodpeckers and silvicultural
practice: Is uneven-aged silviculture preferable to even-aged? The Wildlife Society Bulletin
24(2), 330-333.
Suggest the irregular use of the shelterwood silvicultural technique for creating the most
preferred red-cockaded woodpecker habitat.
Rudolph, D. C., Kyle, H. & Conner, R.N. (1990). Red-cockaded woodpecker vs. rat snakes: The
effectiveness of the resin barrier. Wilson Bulletin 102(1), 14-22.
This study found that the resin and bark barriers excavated by red-cockaded
woodpeckers around cavity entrances, which produces a smooth sticky surface, is a
highly effective barrier in preventing predatory snakes from entering the cavity.
Rudolph, D. C., Conner, R.N. & Schaefer, R.R. (1991). Yellow-bellied sapsuckers feeding at
red-cockaded woodpecker resin wells. Wilson Bulletin 103(1), 122-123.
An anecdotal description of observed red-cockaded woodpecker aggression towards
yellow-bellied sapsuckers near red-cockaded woodpecker nests.
Rudolph, D. C., Conner, R.N. & Turner, J. (1990). Competition for red-cockaded woodpecker
roost and nest cavities: Effects of resin age and entrance diameter. Wilson Bulletin 102(1),
23-26.
Observations from a red-cockaded woodpecker population in Texas found 22% of the
examined cavities were occupied by red-cockaded woodpeckers and 46% by other
species. The most common other inhabitant was the southern flying squirrel which also
prefers cavities with small entrance diameters and are not deterred by resin barriers.
Rudolph, D. C., Conner, R.N., Carrie, D.K. & Schaefer, R.R. (1992).Experimental reintroduction
of red-cockaded woodpeckers. The Auk 109(4), 914-916.
Re-examines the issue of introducing red-cockaded woodpecker breeding pairs into
suitable breeding habitats through translocation.
Sarkozi, David. (1996, February). Birds of the Upper Texas Coast: Red-Cockaded Woodpecker.
Retrieved January 21, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.infocom.net/~dsarkozi/birds/red-cock.htmke/woodpecker.htmlm#woodpeckers
Brief profile of the red-cockaded woodpecker. Includes directions to red-cockaded
woodpecker birding sites in Texas.
Sauer, J. R., Hines, J.E., Gough, G., Thomas, L. & Peterjohn, B.G. (1997, July 29). The North
American Breeding Bird Survey Results and Analysis. Version 96.4. Patuxent Wildlife Research
Center. Retrieved February 13, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.mbr.nbs.gov/bbs/bbs.htmlrds/red-cock.htmke/woodpecker.htmlm#woodpeckers
Information on North American breeding birds, including the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Data includes Christmas Bird Count distribution maps, range maps, life history
groupings and links to related species sites.
Schaeffer, Richard Reuben. (1996). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Reproduction and Provisioning
of Nestlings in Relation to Habitat. M. S. Thesis, Stephen F. Austin State University.
A comparison between 11 longleaf and 14 loblolly pine stands in east Texas is presented.
Forest composition near cavities in each type of stand consisted of older trees, with
larger diameter breast heights and significantly less midstory vegetation than in areas
further away from cavities.
Schaeffer, Richard R., Rudolph, D. Craig & Conner, Richard N. (1991). The response of an adult
red-cockaded woodpecker to a fallen nestling. Wilson Bulletin 103(3), 514-515.
A fallen nestling observed feeding on pine logging slash raises concerns about the use of
insecticides and herbicides near red-cockaded woodpecker populations.
Schillaci, Jessica M. & Smith, Ruthe J. (1994). Red-cockaded woodpeckers in northwestern
Florida produce a second clutch. Florida Field Naturalist 22(4), 112-113.
Schimmoeller, Chris. (1994). Red-cockaded woodpeckers near extinction in Kentucky. Wild
Earth 4(3), 15.
Schmaltz, Jeffrey S. (1981). Past and present status of the red-cockaded woodpecker on the
Daniel Boone National Forest, Kentucky. Kentucky Warbler 57(1), 3-7.
Scientific Summit on the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker: Summary Report. (1990). Atlanta, GA:
Southeast Negotiation Network, Georgia Institute of Technology.
Scroogs, Shelly. (1997, May 5). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. University of Texas, Department
of Geography, 5 May 1997. Retrieved January 21, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/ustudent/gcraft/fall96/scroggs/RCW/main.htmleckers
Student research paper on red-cockaded woodpecker habitat and range. Includes historic
and current range maps for the red-cockaded woodpecker in Texas.
Seagle, Steven W., Lancia, Richard A. & Adams, David A. (1987). A multivariate analysis of
rangewide red-cockaded woodpecker habitat. Journal of Environmental Management
25(1), 45-56.
Performed a discriminate function analysis on 71 habitat variables for 295 red-cockaded
woodpecker colonies in southeastern National Forests. Found that the highest habitat
quality continuum was most strongly related to the availability of longleaf pine.
Seagle, Steven W., Lancia, Richard A., Adams, David A., Lennartz, Michael R. &
Devine, Hugh A. (1987). Integrating timber and red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management.
In Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference,52;
Sharing Resource Challenges: Opportunities and Responsibilities; Quebec City, Quebec,
March 20-25, 1987 (pp. 41-52). Washington, DC: Wildlife Management Institute.
Presents strategies for managing species habitat using temporal modeling and spatial
mapping. The case study is based upon a red-cockaded woodpecker population at the
Savannah River Plant, South Carolina.
Senecal, Kearny C. (1981). South Carolina state report: Endangered species project yields
valuable management data. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 6(8), 6-11.
Found 400 red-cockaded woodpecker clans in South Carolina. Most observed data from
South Carolina is from red-cockaded woodpecker populations on state-owned land.
Senecal, Kearny C. (1981). State report: Arkansas studies state species of concern. Endangered
Species Technical Bulletin 6(9), 3-5.
Most of the Arkansas population of red-cockaded woodpeckers is on private land (88%)
though some fragment populations are located in the Felsenthal National Wildlife
Refuge and the Ouachita National Forest.
Shapiro, A. E. (1983). Characteristics of red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees and colony areas
in southern Florida. Florida Scientist 46(2), 89-95.
Summarizes cavity tree and vegetative characteristics of red-cockaded woodpecker
groups in south Florida. Indicates cavity trees observed in this study were shorter, older,
had smaller diameter breast heights and were more widely spaced than elsewhere in the
species range. In addition cavities were most commonly found in slash pines in the study
area.
Sherrill, Denise Moreau & Case, Verna Miller. (1980). Winter home ranges of four clans of
red-cockaded woodpeckers in the Carolina Sandhills. Wilson Bulletin 92(3), 369-375.
The average winter range of observed clans was 31.2 hectares. Authors found little
relation between nest cavity distances and home range sizes indicating that range size
may not be related to interclan pressure.
Shore, Dee. (1993). Into the act: research at NCSU advances the wildlife management aims of
the Endangered Species Act. Alumni Magazine of North Carolina State University
March/April, 2-5.
Profiles the activities of researchers at North Carolina State University and their work
with the red-cockaded woodpecker and other endangered species.
Shrader-Frechette, K. S. & McCoy, E.D. (1994). Ecology and environmental problem solving.
The Environmental Professional 16(4), 342-348.
Discusses the shortcomings of some ecological theories. Profiles the use of practical
ecological applications in the management of the red-cockaded woodpecker and the
vampire bat.
Simbeck, D. J. (1988). The 1987 Christmas bird count. Migrant 59(1), 5-13.
One red-cockaded woodpecker was observed near Kingsport, Tennessee in the 1987
Tennessee Christmas bird count.
Simberloff, Daniel. (1993). How forest fragmentation hurts species and what to do about it. In
Kaufmann, Merrill R. et al. (eds.), General Technical Report RM-247. An Ecological Basis for
Ecosystem Management (pp. 85-90). Fort Collins, CO: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
A case study focusing on the red-cockaded woodpecker and the affects of fragmentation
on its habitat suggests that an ecosystem-level approach would result in more effective
management the bird and related species in the southeastern pine forests.
Slocum, Kevin. (1996, August 21). Legacy Project: Hyper Spectral Data and Identification of
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat. U. S. Army Topographic Engineering Center. Retrieved
January 21, 1998 from the World Wide Web: http://curly.tec.army.mil/rcw/rcw.htmlnt/gcraft/fall96/scroggs/RCW/main.htmleckers
Digital multi-spectral video, site maps, SPOT imagery and scanned photography were
used to map red-cockaded woodpecker habitat at Fort Benning, Georgia.
Slocum, Kevin. (1996, August 21). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides Borealis) Ecology. U.
S. Army Topographic Engineering Center. Retrieved January 21, 1998 from the World Wide
Web: http://curly.tec.army.mil/rcw/rcweco.htmlgcraft/fall96/scroggs/RCW/main.htmleckers
An overview of red-cockaded woodpecker ecology including habitat, distribution and
conservation efforts, with an emphasis on populations at Fort Bragg, North Carolina and
Fort Benning, Georgia.
Smith, K. G. & Petit, D. R. (1988). Breeding birds and forestry practices in the Ozarks: Past,
present and future. In Jackson, J.A. (ed.), Bird Conservation, No. 3 (pp. 23-49). Madison, WI:
University of Wisconsin Press.
The historic range of the red-cockaded woodpecker in the Ozarks is briefly discussed.
Smith, Michael W. (1981). Comments on herbicide injection for habitat maintenance of red-
cockaded woodpecker colonies. Mississippi Kite 11(2), 52-53.
Society of American Foresters. (1992). Red-cockaded woodpecker protection and habitat
management in private lands: A regional Society of American Foresters position statement.
Journal of Forestry 90(8), 38-39.
Outlines recommendations for working with the U. S. Forest Service, private landowners
and foresters for cooperative management of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat.
Spellman, C. B. (1987). Simulation Modeling of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Clan Dynamics.
Unpublished M. S. Thesis, Duke University.
Stangel, Peter Wenzel. (1990). Genetic Variation and Population Structure of the Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker. Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia.
Tissues collected from the red-cockaded woodpecker were used to determine
morphological variability across populations. Some weak trends were observed in
characteristics for decreasing fluctuating asymmetry with increasing heterozygosity and
population size.
Stangel, Peter W. & Lennartz, Michael R. (1988). Survival of red-cockaded woodpecker
nestlings unaffected by sampling blood and feather pulp for genetic studies. Journal of Field
Ornithology 59(4), 389-394.
Examines non-destructive sampling techniques to obtain tissues from nestlings for
genetic analysis. Small blood samples and primary feather sampling did not affect
nestling survival. The feather pulp sample provided the clearest results.
Stangel, Peter W., Lennartz, Michael R. & Smith, Michael H. (1992). Genetic variation and
population structure of red-cockaded woodpeckers. Conservation Biology 6(2), 283-292.
Surveyed genetic variability among red-cockaded woodpecker populations. Mean
heterozygosity was 7.8%. Heterozygosity was reduced in some small populations but
most exhibited normal levels indicating viability.
Stone, Richard. (1995). Endangered Species Act: Incentives offer hope for habitat. Science
269(5528), 1212.
Discusses an agreement between the federal government and private landowners in the
North Carolina Sandhills. The agreement allows for future development if certain tracts
of land area are restored or managed for the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Strait, R. P. (1982). A Least-Cost Approach for Endangered Species Management: The Red-
Cockaded Woodpecker as an Illustrative Case. M. S. Thesis, Duke University.
A population of red-cockaded woodpeckers studied in the Croatan National Forest,
North Carolina suggests costs to preserve bird habitat are relatively small but future
economic development may result in higher costs.
Summerour, B. (1988). Gray rat snakes observed climbing red-cockaded woodpecker nesting
trees. Alabama Birdlife 35, 13.
Taylor, William E. & Hooper, Robert G. (1991). A Modification of Copeyon's Drilling
Technique for Making Artificial Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavities. General Technical Report
SE-72. Asheville, NC: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest
Experiment Station.
Outlines changes to artificial cavity construction techniques. Changes promote a lower
learning curve and include changing the size of the access hole and the cavity routing
technique.
Teitelbaum, R. D. & Smith, W.P. (1985).Cavity-site characteristics of red-cockaded
woodpeckers in Fountainbleau State Park, Louisiana. Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of
Science 48, 116-122.
Study found red-cockaded woodpecker cavities occurred more in 156-171 year old
loblolly pines and 208-374 year old longleaf pines with a mean diameter breast height of
68.8 centimeters and 61.2 centimeters respectively. Random comparisons of vegetation
characteristics near cavity sites indicate a preference for less midstory.
Teskey, Julie. (1994, August). Picoides Borealis. U. S. Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station, Fire Sciences Lab. Retrieved February 17, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.fs.fed.us/databases/feis/animals/Bird/PIBO/index.htmlCW/main.htmleckers
The red-cockaded woodpecker entry in the Forest Services' Fire Effects Information
System (FEIS) database provides information related to the distribution, biology and
habitat as well as the effects of fire on the species. Red-cockaded woodpeckers can
easily escape fires, but fires can cause severe impact and mortality to cavity trees.
Texas Forest Service. Texas' Endangered Species: Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. Retrieved
February 13, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://agnews.tamu.edu/graphics/endan/wood.htmld/PIBO/index.htmlCW/main.htmleckers
A brief guide to red-cockaded woodpecker conservation efforts in Texas. Includes a red-
cockaded woodpecker range map for Texas.
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. (1997, March 26). Endangered and Threatened Species:
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. Retrieved Jauary 21, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/nature/endang/rcw.htmPIBO/index.htmlCW/main.htmleckers
Overview of red-cockaded woodpecker status with an emphasis on the population in
Texas.
Thomas, Joseph Daniel. (1981). Cultural Techniques for Regenerating Shortleaf Pine as a
Habitat for the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker on the Cumberland Plateau. M. S. Thesis, University
of Tennessee.
Thomas, J. Daniel & Buckner, Edward. (1981). Re-establishing yellow pine habitat for the
red-cockaded woodpecker on the Cumberland Plateau. In Barnett, James P. (ed.), Proceedings
of the First Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference; Atlanta, Georgia, November
6-7, 1980 (pp. 358-361). General Technical Report SO-34. New Orleans, LA: U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station.
Examines management techniques for re-establishing red-cockaded woodpecker habitat,
including: burning, fire plowing, drum chopping and velpar treatment. Drum chopping
and fire plowing reduced hardwood encroachment.
Thomlinson, John Richard. (1993). Landscape Ecological Characteristics of Habitat of the Red-
Cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis). Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas.
Geographic Information Systems were used to analyze red-cockaded woodpecker habitat
in the Sam Houston National Forest, Texas. Structural characteristics and spatial
relations among tree stands were considered. Active colony stands were larger and closer
together, had greater gravitational attraction and lower isolation coefficients. The use of
satellite imagery for identify red-cockaded woodpecker habitat was not found to be
useful.
Thomlinson, John Richard. (1995). Landscape characteristics associated with active and
abandoned red-cockaded woodpecker clusters in east Texas. Wilson Bulletin 107(4), 603-614.
Investigates red-cockaded woodpecker clusters in the Sam Houston National Forest,
Texas. Found that active cluster stands were larger than inactive stands. Also found
inactive stands were more likely to be surrounded by inimical land uses and less likely to
be connected to active colony sites by corridors of mature timber.
Thomlinson, John Richard . (1996). Predicting status change in red-cockaded woodpecker
cavity-tree clusters. Journal of Wildlife Management 60(2), 350-354.
Examined red-cockaded woodpecker clusters during several non-breeding seasons and
found that cavity-tree stands that are too small or isolated may be unattractive to the
birds, demonstrating that certain spatial characteristics are good predictors of cluster
status.
Thompson, Richard L. (1982). Red-cockaded woodpecker. In Davis, David E. (ed.), CRC
Handbook of Census Methods for Terrestrial Vertebrates (pp. 91-92). Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press.
Outlines techniques for determining red-cockaded woodpecker populations in a discrete
area. Describes how to survey red-cockaded woodpecker habitat and observe individual
birds.
U. S. Army. (1996, October 30). Endangered Species Programs. 1996 'Management Guidelines
for the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker on Army Installations. Retrieved February 13, 1998 from the
World Wide Web:
http://128.174.5.51/denix/Public/ES-Programs/Conservation/Woodpecker/woodp.htmlers
Outline of the U. S. Army installation guidelines for developing endangered species
management plans for the red-cockaded woodpecker. Includes information about
mission requirements, management strategies, population goals, etc.
U. S. Congress. House Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms and
Energy. (1991). Management of National Forest Resources: (Red-Cockaded Woodpecker):
Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy of the 102nd
Congress, First Session, December 16, 1991, Bristol, Florida. Washington, DC:
Government Printing Office.
Text of the Senate hearing on the proposed interim guidelines for the management of the
red-cockaded woodpecker as a forest resource in Florida national forests. Includes expert
testimony from ecologists, biologists as well as labor and lumber industry
representatives among others.
U. S. Congress. Senate Committee on Environmental Public Works. (1995). Endangered Species
Conservation Programs at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and the Back Bay National
Wildlife Refuge, Virginia Beach, Virginia: Hearing Before the Committee on
Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, 104th Congress, First Session,
March 17, 1995. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Presents expert testimony from ecologists, military experts and private citizens regarding
the implementation of the Endangered Species Act at Fort Bragg, North Carolina the
Back Bay Wildlife Refuge, Virginia. Compromises between the Fish and Wildlife
Service and U. S. Military that protect the red-cockaded woodpecker and maintain
adequate area for military training and housing are outlined.
U. S. Congress. Senate Committee on Environmental Public Works. (1991). Endangered and
Threatened Species of the Southeast United States. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Provides descriptions of endangered and threatened species. Data includes status,
description, reproduction and development, range and population level, habitat, reasons
for current status as well as management and protection efforts. This same information
can also be found online from the Georgia Wildlife Federation,
http://www.gwf.org/library/ani_rcw.htmlgrams/Conservation/Woodpecker/woodp.htmlers, and the Fish and Wildlife Service, Department
of Forest Resources, http://www.fws.gov/~r9endspp/i/b/sab4a.html./Conservation/Woodpecker/woodp.htmlers
U. S. Congress. Senate Committee on Environmental Public Works. (1984). An Estimate of Red-
Cockaded Woodpecker Populations on Federal Lands in the South. (Research Information
Bulletin; no. 84-109). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife
Service.
U. S. Congress. Senate Committee on Environmental Public Works. (1980). National Fish and
Wildlife Laboratory Selected Vertebrate Endangered Species of the Seacoast of the United
States--The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. Washington, DC: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Biological Services Program.
U. S. Congress. Senate Committee on Environmental Public Works. (1995). Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker: Picoides Borealis. Washington, DC: U. S. Fish Wildlife Service.
An overview of the red-cockaded woodpecker habitat and characteristics. Includes a
discussion regarding the federal conservation efforts. Also available on the World Wide
Web at http://www.fws.gov/~r9extaff/biologues/bio_rcw.html.ation/Woodpecker/woodp.htmlers
U. S. Congress. Senate Committee on Environmental Public Works. (1985). Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker Recovery Plan. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife
Service.
U. S. Congress. Senate Committee on Environmental Public Works. (1997, March 31).
Woodpecker, Red-cockaded. U. S. Vertebrate Animal Species Index. U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Division of Endangered Species. Retrieved January 21, 1998 from the World
Wide Web: http://www.fws.gov/~r9endspp/i/b4a.html#otherw.html.ation/Woodpecker/woodp.htmlers links
Provides links to Fish and Wildlife Service red-cockaded woodpecker sites on the World
Wide Web.
U. S. Congress. Senate Committee on Environmental Public Works. (1996). Regional news and
recovery update: Red-Cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis). Endangered Species Bulletin
21(3), 4. Retrieved February 17, 1998 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.fws.gov/~r9endspp/esb/96/julnes.html#b4a.ation/Woodpecker/woodp.htmlers
A biological opinion from the Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Office in
Arlington, Texas regarding land resource management plans for Texas grasslands and
the impact of these changes on red-cockaded woodpecker habitat.
U. S. Forest Service. (1990). Decision Notice Finding of no Significant Impact and
Environmental Assessment (EIS). Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Region.
U. S. Forest Service. (1997). Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Draft Revised Land and
Resource Management Plan: Kisatchie National Forest. Pineville, LA: U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region.
U. S. Forest Service. (1995). Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Management of the
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker and its Habitat on National Forests in the Southern Region.
Management Bulletin R8; MB 73. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Region.
Presents region-wide direction for conservation and recovery of the red-cockaded
woodpecker. Amends existing forest plans in the region, including: criteria to delineate
red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management areas and management intensity levels;
ensure population stability; minimum silviculture rotation lengths; use of artificial
cavities; and management of competitor species among others.
U. S. Forest Service. (1993). Management of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker and its Habitat on
National Forests in the Southern Region. Atlanta, GA: Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service.
First iteration of a proposed implementation for a management plan to improve and
repopulate the red-cockaded woodpecker in southern national forests. Presents positive
and negative impacts as well as legal mandates. Updated and revised in 1995.
U. S. Forest Service. (1996). Record of Decision, Final Environmental Impact Statement:
Renewal of the Shortleaf Pine/Bluestem Grass Ecosystem and Recovery of the Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker: Ouachita National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan, Scott and Polk
Counties, Arkansas. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Region.
Outlines approved management alternatives for the red-cockaded woodpecker in the
Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas.
U. S. Forest Service. (1993). Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers in the Southern Region Recovery
Through Management. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern
Region.
Brief overview of red-cockaded woodpecker ecology and characteristics. Contains a map
of southern national forests, indicating those forests with and those without a red-
cockaded woodpecker populations.
U. S. Forest Service. (1987). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker of the Apalachicola National Forest.
Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region.
Brief guide to management activities in the Apalachicola National Forest, Florida.
Includes a map of red-cockaded woodpecker colonies in The Forest.
U. S. Forest Service. (1990). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker of the Francis Marion National Forest.
Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region.
Brief guide to management activities in the Francis Marion National Forest, South
Carolina. Includes photographic description for construction of an artificial red-cockaded
woodpecker cavity.
U. S. Forest Service. Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Research and Management at the Savannah
River Site. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region.
Brief guide to management activities in the Savannah River Site, South Carolina. The
Savannah River Site plans to keep 15-20% of the area as longleaf pine forest with a
silviculture rotation of 100 years or more, to support red-cockaded woodpecker habitat.
All red-cockaded woodpeckers at the Site are banded for monitoring.
U. S. Forest Service. (1985). Red-cockaded woodpecker. Wildlife Habitat Management
Handbook. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region,
unpublished administrative document, Chapter 402.
U. S. Forest Service. (1997). Regional Habitat Conservation Plan for the Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker on Private Land in the East Texas Pineywoods. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Forest Service,
Southern Region, Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Conservation Plan Steering Committee.
U. S. Forest Service. (1995). Renewal of the Shortleaf Pine/Bluestem Grass Ecosystem and
Recovery of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker: Draft Environmental Impact Statement for an
Amendment to the Land and Resource Management Plan, Ouachita National Forest, Polk and
Scott Counties, Arkansas. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Region.
Draft amendment proposed to the Ouachita National Forest Land and Resource
Management plan to allocate an additional 155,010 acres of land. Discuses the impacts
to red-cockaded woodpecker habitat as well as the financial impacts for the timber
harvest.
U. S. Forest Service. (1996). Renewal of the Shortleaf Pine/Bluestem Grass Ecosystem and
Recover of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker: Draft Environmental Impact Statement for an
Amendment to the Land and Resource Management Plan, Ouachita National Forest, Polk and
Scott Counties, Arkansas. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Region.
Outlines management alternatives for the red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management
in the proposed enlarged Ouachita National Forest. Presents positive and negative
impacts as well as legal mandates.
U. S. Forest Service. (1994). Revised Land and Resource Management Plan for the National
Forests and Grasslands in Texas; Angelina, Fannin, Houston, Jasper, Montague, Montgomery,
Nacogdoches, Newton, Sabine, San Augustine, San Jacinto, Shelby, Trinity, Walker, and Wise
Counties, Texas. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region.
Proposed revision to the management plan for the national forests and grasslands of
Texas. Planning area consists of the Angelina, Davy Crockett, Sabine and Sam Houston
National Forests and the Caddo and Lyndon B. Johnson National Grasslands. Plans
would provide additional protection for the red-cockaded woodpecker.
U. S. Forest Service. (1997). Revised Land and Resource Management Plan for the National
Forests in Florida; Baker, Columbia, Franklin, Lake Leon, Liberty, Marion, Okaloosa, Putnam,
and Wakulla Counties, Florida. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Region.
Presents proposed revisions to a management plan for the national forests in Florida.
Planning area consists of the Apalachicola, Choctawhatchee, Ocala, and Osceola
National Forests. Would provide additional protection for the red-cockaded woodpecker.
U. S. Forest Service. (1995). The Southern Region's Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Management
Strategy at a Glance. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern
Region.
U. S. Forest Service. (1997). Summary of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Draft
Revised Land and Resource Management Plan; Kisatchie National Forest. Pineville, LA: U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region.
U. S. Forest Service. (1986). Suppression of the Southern Pine Beetle, Southern Region. Atlanta,
GA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region.
Overview of best management practices for controlling southern pine beetles in the
southern U. S. Presents positive and negative impacts. Discusses the impact of managing
for the beetle on red-cockaded woodpecker habitat.
Vongs, Pueng. (1993). The real woodpecker deal. Audubon 95(5), 28.
Discusses concerns relating to a Georgia-Pacific deal with the Department of the Interior
regarding protection of the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Walters, J. R. (1991). Application of ecological principles to the management of endangered
species: The case of the red-cockaded woodpecker. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
22, 505-521.
Outlines the habitat and ecology of the red-cockaded woodpecker and uses it as a case
study for the application of conservation biology techniques that could contribute to the
management and survival of the species.
Walters, J. R. (1990). The red-cockaded woodpecker: A "primitive' cooperative breeder." In
Stacey, P.B. & Koenig, W.D. (eds.), Cooperative Breeding Birds: Long Term Studies of Ecology
and Behavior (pp. 67-102). Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press.
An overview of the red-cockaded woodpecker habitat, social system, helpers, dispersal
behavior, reproduction, mortality, and population dynamics including the evolution of
cooperative breeding habits.
Walters, Jeffrey R., Copeyon, Carole K. & Carter III, J.H. (1992). Test of the ecological basis of
cooperative breeding in red-cockaded woodpeckers. The Auk 109(1), 90-97.
Tests the theory that the amount of time required to excavate nesting cavities is a critical
determinant that has lead to cooperative breeding in the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Walters, Jeffrey R., Doerr, Phillip D. & Carter III, J.H. (1988). The cooperative breeding system
of the red-cockaded woodpecker. Ethology 78(4), 275-305.
Results of a six year study observing 500 individual red-cockaded woodpeckers in the
North Carolina Sandhills are presented. Describes the primary social group configuration
and male and female breeding habits.
Walters, Jeffrey R., Doerr, Phillip D. & Carter III, J.H. (1992). Delayed dispersal and
reproduction as a life-history tactic in cooperative breeders: Fitness calculations from red-
cockaded woodpeckers. American Naturalist 139(3), 623-643.
Proposes a demographic model to evaluate the evolution of delayed dispersal and
reproduction of the red-cockaded woodpecker.
Walters, J. R., Doerr, Phillip D. & Lape, J.J. Population Status and Population Dynamics of the
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker on Fort Bragg, North Carolina: Final Report to the Department of
Defense, Fort Bragg Division, Natural Resources. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University.
Walters, J. R., Hansen, S.K., Carter III, J.H., Manor, P.D. & Blue, R.J. (1988). Long-distance
dispersal of an adult red-cockaded woodpecker. Wilson Bulletin 100(3), 494-496.
Observed movements of a lone female red-cockaded woodpecker. Originally observed at
a site in Wake county, North Carolina, after a failed nesting attempt the female was
observed within an established group 90 kilometers southwest in Scotland and Richmond
counties. Suggests species has ability for long range dispersal and genetic interaction.
Walters, Mark Jerome. Red alert for the red-cockaded woodpecker. Animals 123(6), 4.
Profile of the red-cockaded woodpecker's habitat and characteristics.
Watson, J. C., Taylor, W.E. & Young, J.H. (1994). Tenacity of nesting red-cockaded
woodpeckers after felling of the cavity tree. Journal of Field Ornithology 65(2), 221-223.
A nestling which fledged even after its cavity tree was felled suggests red-cockaded
woodpeckers will continue nesting even after severe disturbances.
Welch, L. A. (1995). Property conflicts under the Endangered Species Act: Protection of the red-
cockaded woodpecker. In Meiners, R.E. & Yandle, B. (eds.), Land Rights: The 1990's Property
Rights Rebellion (pp. 151-197). Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Wiggins, Mark H. (1993). Fort Bragg and the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker: A Content Analysis
of Selected Local Newspapers' Coverage of Fort Bragg's Endangered Species Act Protection
Efforts. M. S. Thesis, Marshall University.
Williams, B. K. (1986). Response: Evidence for selection of old trees by red-cockaded
woodpeckers. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 14(3), 322-325.
Makes the argument that data from the literature can be used to red-cockaded
woodpecker selection of old trees. This article is in response to Jackson and Jackson's
(1986) refutation of Field and Williams (1985).
Wilson, C. W., Masters, R.E. & Bukenhofer, G.A. (1995). Breeding bird response to pine-
grassland restoration for red-cockaded woodpeckers. Journal of Wildlife Management 59(1), 56-
67.
Evaluated habitat improvements such as prescribed burns and stand thinning and found
that species density increased in the second growing season after treatment but species
richness did not. Results suggest that red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management
techniques will benefit not only the regional species but also migrating neotropical
species.
Wolters, G. L. (1990). Bibliography of Forest Service Range, Wildlife and Fish Habitat, and
Related Research Publications: 1977-1989. (Bibliographies and Literature of Agriculture; no.
95). U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, DC: Government Printing
Office.
Wood, Don A., Ed. (1983). Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Symposium II: Proceedings; January 27-
29, 1983. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission.
Wood, Don A. & Eichholz, Neal. (1986). Florida's endangered woodpeckers. Florida Wildlife
40(2), 20-23.
Popular outline of the red-cockaded woodpecker and other endangered species of
woodpeckers in Florida. Includes site map and bird identification images.
Wood, Gene W. (1994). Private lands and the red-cockaded woodpecker. Forest Farmer 53(3),
18-20, 30-31.
Discusses the need for habitat conservation plans through which private landowners can
be issued incidental take permits as a means to lessen the financial impact maintaining
red-cockaded woodpecker habitat as required by the Endangered Species Act.
Wood, G. W., Niles, L.J., Hendrick, R.M., Davis, J.R. & Grimes, T.L. (1985). Compatibility of
even-aged timber management and red-cockaded woodpecker conservation. The Wildlife Society
Bulletin 13(1), 5-17.
Examines red-cockaded woodpecker response to habitat modification by timber harvest.
Characteristics evaluated include: changes in clan ranges and reproductive success after
commercial clear-cutting.
Wood, G. W., Niles, L.J., Hendrick, R.M., Davis, J.R. & Grimes, T.L.. (1985). Influences of
Clearcutting on Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Reproduction and Nestling Tending. Forest Bulletin
45. Clemson, SC: Department of Forestry, Clemson University.
Woodpeckers. (1998). Nordevald Software and Information Services. Retrieved February 17,
1998 from the World Wide Web: http://www.nsis.org/bird/sp/sp-wpeck.htmls.html#b4a.ation/Woodpecker/woodp.htmlers
Presents a table displaying the distribution, seasons of occurrence and diet for
woodpecker.
III. Appreciation
The author would like to thank Carolyn Argentati, Head Natural Resources Library at North
Carolina State University for assistance in compilation and formatting of this bibliography. She
would also like to acknowledge John Prince, Southeast Regional Office of the Nature
Conservancy, for compiling the "County of occurrence for red-cockaded woodpecker" range
map.
Lisa A. Wishard LAR14@PSU.EDU is a Librarian at the Earth and Mineral Sciences Library,
The Pennsylvania State University, 105 Deike Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.TEL:
814-865-3694. FAX: 814-865-1379.
Copyright 1998 University of Idaho Library