Subject: Exec Sum of Indian Amphibian CAMP - Part I - endemic spp
which is the way the IUCN Categories were meant to be applied.
BCPP CAMP FOR AMPHIBIANS OF INDIA
Organised and hosted by Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, 22 - 26 April 1997
Organised and Facilitated by ZOO, CBSG, India along with Declining Amphibian
Populations Task Force for Southern Asia, Sushil Dutt and Sanjay Molur -
Co-Chairs
Indian amphibians, which are about 205 taxa in number have a very high
representation of endemics. Nearly sixty-three percent (63%) of the
amphibians are endemic to India. Western Ghats is the richest region in
India in terms of amphibian endemicity. Ninety-three taxa are endemic to
this biogeographic region with 2 more taxa sharing their distribution with
adjacent areas. Northeastern India, which has a very high diversity among
amphibians does not have many endemics within the Indian context because of
the jagged political boundary of the country. Though restricted in their
distribution in this region, locations of many amphibians are found outside
India thereby making them Indian political non-endemics. The case is
similar in northern and northwestern India with many species ranging across
neighbouring countries such as Pakistan, Nepal, Afghanistan and Tibet. A
graph depicting amphibian distribution is given in the main report.
Eighty-seven endemic taxa are threatened according to the assessment at the
workshop, based on the 1994 IUCN Red list categories. The high percentage
of endemic taxa being threatened is due to restricted distribution of these
taxa along with other man-induced threats to their wellbeing. Amphibian
studies in India is still at its infancy stage since much more information
regarding distribution, population dynamics and threats are required. The
reasons for global declines in amphibians due to exessive UV radiation and
fungi are yet to be determined among amphibians in India. Their decline (if
any) due to these factors has not yet been established in India. Threats
perceived to Indian amphibians are more physical in nature, such as those by
habitat destruction, fragmentation, agricultural practices, pollution,
pesticides and other kinds of human interference.
Categorisation of taxa was done according to the 1994 IUCN Red Liast
categories. For a taxon to be threatened, any one of the five criteria
within the categories has to be satisfied. These criteria or factors that
are used in a categorisation of threat are 1. Population reduction; 2.
Restricted distribution; 3. Population size; 4. Number of mature
individuals and 5 Probability of extinction. The degree of threat depending
on each or any of these five criteria determines the threat category.
One of the major outcomes of this workshop was the post-assessment research
and management recommendations for every taxon. Participants identified
lacunae areas that need prioritisation and this is indicated in the
recommendation section. Survey and monitoring are the most frequently
recommended research and management tools for understanding distribution and
trends of amphibian populations. The workshop was also an ideal forum to
discuss controversial issues such as taxonomy and nomenclature of Indian
amphibians. In the recent years, a few taxonomists have suggested frequent
changes in generic names of some amphibians in India, which has led to
confusion among field biologists. This issue was sorted during the workshop
in a special issue working group. Other issues which were discussed
separately include education and awareness, research priorities and captive
breeding. The reports of each of these special issue working group is
included in the main report.
Table 1. Alphabetical list of Amphibian taxa assessed.
Species IUCN Criteria
Ansonia kamblei Ravichandan & Pillai--DD
Ansonia ornata Günther--EN-- (B1, 2c)
Ansonia rubigina Pillai & Pattabhiraman--EN-- (B1, 2c, 3b)
Bufo abatus Ahl--DD
Bufo beddomii Günther--LRlc
Bufo brevirostrisRao--DD
Bufo camortensis Mansukhani & Sarkar--VU-- (D2)
Bufo hololius (Günther) --LR-nt
Bufo koynayensis Soman--EN-- (B1, 2c)
Bufo parietalis Boulenger--LRnt
Bufo silentvalleyensis Pillai--VU-- (D2)
Bufoides meghalayanus (Yazdani & Chanda)--CR-- (B1, 2abc)
Chirixalus dudhwaensis Ray--VU-- (D2)
Euphlyctis ghoshi (Chanda) --EN-- (B1, 2abc)
Gegeneophis carnosus (Beddome) --VU-- (B1, 2c)
Gegeneophis fulleri (Alcock) --VU-- (B1, 2ac)
Gegeneophis ramaswamii Taylor--EN-- (B1, 2c)
Ichthyophis beddomei Peters--VU-- (A1ac; B1, 2c)
Ichthyophis bombayensis Taylor--EN-- (B1, 2c)
Ichthyophis longicephalus Pillai--VU-- (B1, 2c)
Ichthyophis malabarensis Taylor--VU-- (B1, 2c)
Ichthyophis peninsularis Taylor--VU-- (B1, 2c; D2)
Ichthyophis sikkimensis (Taylor) --VU--(B1, 2c)
Ichthyophis subterrestris Taylor--VU--(B1, 2c)
Ichthyophis tricolor Taylor--EN--(B1, 2c)
Indirana beddomii Günther--VU--(A1ac)
Indirana brachytarsus (Günther) --VU-- (B1, 2b)
Indirana diplostictus (Günther) --VU-- (B1, 2c)
Indirana gundia Dubois--DD
Indirana leithii (Boulenger) --LR-nt
Indirana leptodactylus (Boulenger) --VU-(B1, 2c)
Indirana semipalmatus (Boulenger) --VU -- (A1ac; B1, 2c)
Indirana tenuilingua (Rao) --DD
Indotyphlus battersbyi Taylor--CR-- (B1, 2bc)
Kaloula baleata ghoshi Cherchi--VU-- (D2)
Limnonectes andamanensis (Stoliczka) --LR-lc
Limnonectes brevipalmatas (Peters) --LR-nt
Limnonectes keralensis (Dubois) --LR-nt
Limnonectes khasiensis (Anderxon) --DD
Limnonectes mawlyndipi (Chanda) --CR-- (B1, 2ac)
Limnonectes mawphlangensis (Pillai & Chanda) --CR-- (B1, 2ac)
Limnonectes murthii Pillai--EN-- (B1, 2c)
Limnonectes mysorensis Rao--CR-- (B1, 2c)
Limnonectes nilagirica (Jerdon)--EN-- (B1, 2c)
Limnonectes sauriceps (Rao)--DD -
Limnonectes shompenorum Das--EN-- (B1, 2abc)
Megophrys robusta (Boulenger) --EN-- (B1, 2c)
Melanobatrachus indicus Beddome--VU-- (B1, 2c, 3c; D2)
Micrixalus fuscus (Boulenger) --LR-nt
Micrixalus gadgili Pillai & Pattabiraman--EN-- (B1, 2c)
Micrixalus nudis Pillai--VU-- (B1, 2c)
Micrixalus phyllophilus (Jerdon) --VU-- (B1, 2c)
Micrixalus saxicola (Jerdon)--LR-nt
Micrixalus silvaticus (Boulenger) --VU-- (B1, 2c)
Micrixalus thampii Pillai--EN-- (B1, 2c)
Microhyla chakrapani Pillai--VU-- (D2)
Nyctibatrachus aliciae Inger, Shaffer, Koshy & Bakde--VU-- (B1, 2c)
Nyctibatrachus beddomii (Boulenger) --LR-nt
Nyctibatrachus deccanensis Dubois--VU -- (B1, 2c)
Nyctibatrachus humayuni Bhaduri & Kripalani--EN -- (B1, 2c)
Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis (Rao) --DD
Nyctibatrachus major Boulenger--LR-nt
Nyctibatrachus minor Inger, Shaffer, Koshy & Bakde--VU-- (B1, 2c; D2)
Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris Rao--EN-- (B1, 2c)
Nyctibatrachus sylvaticus Rao--DD
Pedostibes kempi (Boulenger)--CR-- (B1, 2abc)
Pedostibes tuberculosus Günther--VU-- (B1, 2c)
Philautus beddomii (Günther) --VU-- (B1, 2c)
Philautus bombayensis (Annandale)--EN-- (B1, 2c)
Philautus chalazodes Günther--VU--(B1, 2c; D2)
Philautus charius Rao--LR-nt
Philautus cherrapunjiae Roonwall & Kripalani--EN-- (B1, 2ac)
Philautus crnri Dutta--DD
Philautus elegans Rao--DD
Philautus flaviventris (Boulenger) --DD
Philautus garo (Boulenger) --CR-- (B1, 2bc)
Philautus glandulosus (Jerdon) --VU-- (B1, 2c)
Philautus hassanensis Dutta--DD
Philautus kempiae (Boulenger) --CR-- (B1, 2abc)
Philautus kottigeharensis Rao--DD
Philautus leucorhinus (Lichtenstein & Martens) --LR-nt
Philautus melanensis Rao--DD
Philautus namdaphaensis Sarkar & Sanyal--VU-- (B1, 2c; D2)
Philautus narainensis Rao--DD
Philautus nobeli (Ahl) --DD
Philautus parkeri (Ahl) --DD
Philautus pulcherimus (Ahl) --VU-- (B1, 2c)
Philautus shillongensis Pillai & Chanda--CR-- (B1, 2abc)
Philautus shyamrupus Chanda & Ghosh--VU-- (B1, 2c; D2)
Philautus signatus (Boulenger) --VU--(B1, 2c)
Philautus swamianus Rao --DD
Philautus temporalis Günther--EN-- (B1, 2c)
Philautus travancoricus (Boulenger) --DD
Philautus variabilis (Günther) --LR-nt
Phrynoglossus borealis (Annandale) --EN-- (B1, 2c)
Polypedates cruciger (Blyth) --VU-- (B1, 2c; D2)
Polypedates insularis Das--EN--(B1, 2abc)
Ramanella anamalaiensis Rao--DD
Ramanella minor Rao--DD
Ramanella montana Jerdon--LRnt
Ramanella mormorata Rao--VU-- (B1, 2bc; D2)
Ramanella triangularis (Günther) --VU-- (B1, 2c; D2)
Rana aurantiaca (Boulenger) --LR-nt
Rana curtipes Jerdon--LR-nt
Rana danieli Pillai & Chanda--LR-nt
Rana garoensis Boulenger--EN-- (B1, 2abc)
Rana khare (Kiyasetuo & Khare) --EN-- (B1, 2c)
Rana malabarica Tschudi--LR-nt
Rana senchalensis Chanda--CR-- (B1, 2abc)
Rana travancorica Annandale--DD
Rhacophorus calcadensis Ahl--DD
Rhacophorus jerdonii (Günther)-VU--(B1, 2c; D2)
Rhacophorus lateralis Boulenger-EN-- (B1, 2c)
Rhacophorus malabaricus Jerdon-- LR-nt
Rhacophorus namdaphaensis Sarkar & Sanyal-VU--(B1, 2c; D2)
Rhacophorus naso Annandale-- DD
Rhacophorus pleurostictus (Günther) --VU-- (B1, 2c)
Rhacophorus taeniatus Boulenger--LR-nt
Rhacophorus tuberculatus (Anderson) --LRnt
Scutiger occidentalis Dubois--DD
Tomopterna leucorhynchus Rao--DD
Tomopterna parambikulamana Rao--DD
Tomopterna rufescens (Jerdon)-- LR-nt
Uraeotyphlus malabaricus (Beddome)-EN-- (B1, 2c)
Uraeotyphlus menoni Annandale-VU-- (B1, 2c; D2)
Uraeotyphlus narayani Seshachar-VU-- (B1, 2c)
Uraeotyphlus oxyurus (Dumeril & Bibron)-VU -- (B1, 2c)
Zoo Outreach Organisation ( Z. O. O.)
Box 1683, Coimbatore, 640 004 India
Subject: Amphbians -- Part II
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NON-ENDEMICS
Amolops afghanus (Günther)--LR-nt
Amolops formosus (Günther) --LR-nt
Amolops gerbillus (Annandale) --LR-nt
Amolops monticola (Anderson) --EN-- (B1, 2bc)
Bufo fergusonii (Boulenger) --LR-lc
Bufo himalayanus (Günther) --LR-nt
Bufo latastii (Boulenger) --LR-lc
Bufo melanostictus (Schneider) --VU-- (A1acd)
Bufo microtympanum (Boulenger) --LR-nt
Bufo stomaticus Lütken--LR-nt
Bufo stuarti (Smith) --LR-nt
Bufo viridis Laurenti--DD
Chaparana sikimensis (Jerdon) --LR-nt
Chirixalus doriae Boulenger--EN-- (B1, 2c)
Chirixalus simus Annandale--EN-- (B1, 2abc)
Chirixalus vittatus (Boulenger) --EN-- (B1, 2c)
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider) --LR-nt
Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Lesson) --LR-nt
Hoplobatrachus crassus (Jerdon) --LR-nt
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin) --VU (A1d)
Hyla annectans Jerdon--LR-nt
Kaloula taprobanica (Parker) --LR-nt
Leptobrachium hasseltii Tschudii--EN-- (B1, 2abc)
Limnonectes cancrivorus (Gravenhorst) --LR-lc
Limnonectes doriae (Boulenger) --VU-- (D2)
Limnonectes limnocharis (Gravenhorst) --VU-- (A1ac)
Limnonectes syhadrensis (Annandale) --LR-nt
Megophrys boettgeri (Boulenger) --LR-nt
Megophrys kempii (Annandale) --EN--B1, 2abc)
Megophrys lateralis (Anderson) --DD
Megophrys montana (Kuhl & van Hasselt) --EN--_B1, 2abc)
Megophrys parva (Boulenger) --LR-nt
Microhyla berdmorei (Blyth) --LR-nt
Microhyla heymonsi Vogt--EN-- (B1, 2abc)
Microhyla ornata (Deumeril & Bibron) --LR-lc
Microhyla rubra Jerdon--LR-nt
Micryletta inornata (Boulenger) --EN-(B1, 2abc)
Nytixalus moloch (Annandale) --EN-- (B1, 2abc)
Occidozyga lima (Gravenhorst) --DD
Paa annandalii (Boulenger) --EN-- (B1, 2abc)
Paa blanfordii (Boulenger) --LR-nt
Paa hazarensis (Dubois & Khan) --DD
Paa liebigii (Günther) --LR-nt
Paa minica (Dubois) --DD
Paa sternostignata (Murray) --DD
Paa vicina (Stoliczka) --DD
Philautus andersonii (Ahl) --EN-- (B1, 2abc)
Philautus annandalii (Boulenger) --LR-nt
Pleurodeles verrucossus (Anderson) --EN-- (A1ac)
Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhrst) --LR-lc
Polypedates maculatus himalayensis (Annandale) --EN-- (B1, 2abc)
Polypedates maculatus maculatus (Gray) --LR-lc
Ramanella variegata (Stoliczka) --LR-nt
Rana alticola (Boulenger) --LR-nt
Rana assamensis (Sclater) --LR-nt
Rana chalconota (Schlegel) --EN-- (B1, 2abc)
Rana erythraea (Schlegel) --LR-nt
Rana leptoglossa (Cope, 1868) --EN-- (B1, 2abc)
Rana livida (Blyth) --LR-nt
Rana nicobarensis (Stoliczka) --LR-nt
Rana nigrovittata (Blyth) --EN -- (B1, 2bc)
Rana taipehensis Van Denburg--LR-nt
Rhacophorus appendiculatus (Günther) --DD
Rhacophorus bipunctatus Ahl --LR-nt
Rhacophorus bisacculus Taylor, E.H. --EN-- (B1, 2abc)
Rhacophorus maximus (Günther) --LR-nt
Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Boulenger--DD
Rhacophorus reinwardtii Kuhl & van Hasselt--LR-nt
Scutiger nyingchinesis (Fei) --LR-nt
Scutiger sikimmensis (Blyth) --LR-nt
Taylorana hascheana Stoliczka--DD
Theloderma asper (Boulenger) --DD
Tomopterna rolandae (Dubois) --LR-nt
Uperodon globulosus (Günther) --LR-nt
Uperodon systoma (Schneider) --LR-nt
Sample Taxon Data Sheet - this is for an endemic species on first list
Bufoides meghalayanus (Yazdani & Chanda, 1971) -- CR (B1, 2a, 2b, 2c) --
(Ansonia meghalayana Yazdani & Chanda, 1971). Family: Bufonidae. Taxonomic
status: Species. Habit: Arboreal and terrestrial. Habitat: Potholes in
ground and axils of leaves of Pandanas. Global Distribution: ENDEMIC to
northeastern India. Current Regional Distribution: Meghalaya. - Elevation:
1,330 m. - Range (sq. km): < 100. - Area Occupied (sq. km): < 10. -
Number of locations: 1 (Cherrapunji). Population Trends - % change- %
Decline: Not known. - Time / Rate: Not known. - No. of Mature Individuals:
Not known. Global Population: Single location and highly restricted
distribution. Data Quality: General field studies (Yazdani & Chanda, 1970;
Pillai & Yazdani, 1971). Recent Field Studies: None. Threats: Loss of
habitat; Human interference. Trade: No. Other Comments: -- Status- IUCN:
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED. - Criteria based on: B1, 2a, 2b, 2c(Restricted
distribution, single location, continuing decline observed in extent of
occurrence, area of occupancy and quality of habitat) . - CITES: No. -
IWPA (1972; 91): No. - RDB, National (1994): No. - RDB, International
(1996): No. Recommendations- Research management: Survey; Life history
studies; Monitoring. - PHVA: No. Captive Breeding Recommendations- Captive
breeding: Level 2. - Level of difficulty: Not known. Existing Captive
Programs: None. - Names of facilities: -. Sources (Refer Appendix): 46,
103, 107, 181, 242. Compilers: P.K. Mallick, I. Das, S.K. Chanda, A.K.
Sarkar, D. Roy, K. Deuti, S. Prakash, S. Sengupta, J.K. Mohanta, D.B.
Sawarkar, M.R. Yadav.
Su
Sample
Participating Institutions
Arya Vidyapeeth College, Guwahati ;Bangalore University, Department of
Zoology, Bangalore; Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, India/ Z.O.O.;
Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Department of Zoology, Biogenetics
Laboratory, Agra; Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force, South
Asia;Dharampeth Science College, Nagpur; Forest Department of Orissa,
Wildlife Wing, Bhubaneswar; Goa University, Department of Zoology, Goa;
Kurukshetra University, Department of Zoology, Haryana; Kuvempu University,
Department of Environmental Sciences, Shimoga; Madras Crocodile Bank Trust,
Mamallapuram; Nandankanan Biological Park, Cuttack ; Nature Environment and
Wildlife Society, Calcutta; North Eastern Hill University, Institute for
Self Organising ; Systems and Biophysics, Shillong; Research Centre on
Natural Science, Howrah; Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural
History; South Asian Reptile and Amphibian Specialist Group; U.G.
Mahavidyalaya, Department of Zoology, Khamare; Utkal University, Department
of Zoology, Bhubaneswar; Vidarbha Nature & Human Sciences, Nagpur ;
Wildlife, Environment and Tourism Society, Ayodha; Zoological Survey of
India, Calcutta; Zoological Survey of India, Western Regional Station, Pune
; Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Station, Chennai
If you have questions, requests, etc., don't hesitate to mail. Sanjay Molur
will answer the technical questions. General questions Sally will answer.
Any we can't answer we will send to Sushil.
Sally Walker, Sanjay Molur, Sushil Dutt
Zoo Outreach Organisation ( Z. O. O.)
Box 1683, Coimbatore, 640 004 India
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